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Anthropology
Q:
Your investigation of two different languages reveals that their basic vocabularies differ by 28 percent. Using Glottochronology, you determine that some historical event caused the groups speaking these languages to separate:
a. 500 years ago.
b. 1000 years ago.
c. 1500 years ago.
d. 2000 years ago.
e. Insufficient information to answer question.
Q:
An important method comparative linguists use to draw conclusions about the relationship between two languages is:
a. Determining the amount of core vocabulary they share.
b. Establishing the biological relationship between the speakers of the languages.
c. Showing that the linguistic style of one group diffused to members of the other.
d. Examining the degree of intracultural variation in the languages.
e. Determining if they share complex and unusual words not found in other languages.
Q:
Describe the practice of a bridewealth payment. What are the motivations for the bride and groom's families? Give an example.
Q:
Which aspects of Kipsigis bridewealth payments are consistent with evolutionary reasoning, and which are not?
Q:
Which of the following is the most noticeable object of linguistic change?
a. Vocabulary.
b. Morphology.
c. Syntax.
d. Kinesics.
e. Proxemics.
Q:
Describe the differences between men and women with regard to the preferred ages of prospective partners.
Q:
Discuss how Buss's cross-cultural data have been used to test predictions from evolutionary theory. What might be some of the methodological problems associated with using surveys as a means of determining people's mate preferences?
Q:
A fundamental principle of language is that:
a. The more phonemes a language has, the more different ideas can be expressed in it.
b. The more material goods a culture has, the more talkative its members will be.
c. Oppressed groups rarely contribute words to the language of their oppressors.
d. Language always reflects the history of those who use it.
e. The more primitive a culture, the more likely its members are to be dependent on senses such as smell and hearing rather than language.
Q:
A Pidgin is:
a. A language of contact and trade that includes a mixture of other languages.
b. A language that can be taught to parrots and other non-human animals.
c. A language made by blending of other, earlier languages.
d. The language of lower class or oppressed groups in a society.
e. The language dialect speakers use when conversing with speakers of the standard version of a language.
Q:
Which of the following best characterizes the cross-cultural meaning of smiling?
a. A smile always means that people are happy.
b. Smiling is a reasonably good indicator of happiness or nonviolent intent.
c. In most cultures, people smile just before they kill.
d. The meaning of a smile varies from culture to culture.
e. Americans are virtually unique in equating smiling with happiness.
Q:
Discuss the evidence supporting incest avoidance in nonhuman primates. Please give examples.
Q:
Researchers who study interpersonal space generally refer to three different ranges of space. They are:
a. Friendly distance, antagonistic space, neutral space.
b. Intimate distance, personal distance, and social distance.
c. Built space, social distance, and personal distance.
d. City space, peri-urban space, and rural space.
e. Fixed space, negotiated distance, and individual space.
Q:
Discuss the effect of arranged marriages between minors in Taiwanese societies and whether those unions are more or less successful than more modern-style unions.
Q:
Use a mathematical model to compare the probability of producing offspring who are homozygous for a lethal recessive when matings are inbred or outbred.
Q:
Haptics refers to:
a. The study and analysis of touch.
b. The variation in musical taste among cultures.
c. The methods linguists use to describe phonemes.
d. The study of this history of linguistic change.
e. Any fieldwork in linguistic anthropology
Q:
A Tuareg man wears his veil at different positions on his face in different social situations. This is an example of:
a. Universal grammar.
b. Nonverbal communication.
c. The universal relationship between language and action.
d. The genetic patterning of behavior.
e. Bad manners.
Q:
One aspect of language that appears to contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that human languages are similar in that:
a. They are all created by humans.
b. There are only so many ways that humans can interpret the world around them.
c. Anything that can be said in one language can be translated into every other human language.
d. They are only so many words that can be invented in a language.
e. Every language uses the same set of sounds.
Q:
Freud argued that we each have a biological desire to mate with our parents but that cultural taboos stop us from doing so. Argue that Freud was wrong.
Q:
Explain the experimental evidence suggesting that our minds have been designed by natural selection specifically to solve social exchange problems.
Q:
Why is evolutionary theory relevant to behavior even though behavior is sensitive to environmental conditions?
Q:
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
a. The best way to study language is with subjects in a laboratory.
b. The vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers perceive reality.
c. The ability to use language determines an individual's intelligence.
d. Formal education increases vocabulary.
e. There is no connection between language and other aspects of culture.
Q:
Bridewealth payment among the Kipsigis is dependent on
a. the wealth of the groom.
b. the distance of the groom's house from the bride's house.
c. the age of menarche of the bride.
d. both b and c.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of code-switching?
a. Conversations in which people try to avoid committing themselves to any specific position or course of action.
b. Conversations in which people attempt to offer a particular deal or advantage without specifying exactly what it is.
c. Conversations in which people try to let some people know that they are lying to other people.
d. Conversations in which, even after repeated attempts, people fail to understand each other.
e. Conversations in which people talk to some people in one language while talking to others in a different language.
Q:
Linguists view African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as:
a. Inferior to Standard Spoken American English (SSAE).
b. Neither superior nor inferior to SSAE.
c. More complicated but less abstract than SSAE.
d. Simpler than SSAE but more abstract.
e. Linguists do not recognize the existence of AAVE.
Q:
Although only a small fraction of protein-coding genes shows evidence of selection since the divergence of human and chimpanzee lineages, humans and chimpanzees are vastly different in their phenotypes. How can this be?
Q:
How are modern humans genetically different from the chimpanzee?
Q:
Explain the changes in the structural or protein-coding genes of humans and chimpanzees.
Q:
A study of speech norms in the United States indicated that:
a. Social class has no effect on speech patterns.
b. Each social class has only one norm regarding pronunciation.
c. Variation of speech patterns is most characteristic of upwardly mobile social classes.
d. The lowest classes make the most effort to impress others by using different speech forms in different situations.
e. Studies of linguistic variation make no real contribution to understanding social class differences.
Q:
A dialect is:
a. A language that contains fewer than 1,500 words.
b. Language that is used in informal social settings.
c. Language that is used by less powerful groups in society.
d. Speech that consciously breaks the grammatical rules of language.
e. A language that does not have a logical system of grammar.
Q:
Sociolinguistics is helpful to anthropologists in understanding culture because:
a. People's speech varies depending on their position in a social structure or social relationship.
b. Speech is a constant, while social structure is variable.
c. Speech is always consistent within a social group.
d. The ways in which people speak determine their position in the social structure.
e. The distribution of irregular verbs can indicate the relative importance of different actions in a cultural system
Q:
Why do scientists no longer believe that race is a meaningful biological concept?
Q:
Anthropologists Heather Horst and Daniel Miller studied high levels of cell phone use among Jamaicans in two different communities. Which of the following statements best illustrates why Jamaicans use cell phones so regularly?
a. They are used to engage in long casual conversations about daily life.
b. They are used primarily to create social networks and request needed resources.
c. They are used as emergency technology in case the individual is in any kind of danger.
d. They are used primarily among young people who are dating via cell phone.
e. They are used to order groceries and supplies on a daily basis.
Q:
Explain the rationale for, and assumptions of, using twins to estimate heritability.
Q:
You have sampled height from two populations: the Maasai of East Africa and the Inuits of Alaska. You have determined that there is a significant difference in height between these two populations, with Inuits being of shorter height than the Maasai. Is this variation that you observe due solely to genetics? Why or why not?
Q:
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, language can best be separated into language (langue) and speech (parole). The difference between these two things is best described as:
a. Language is written and speech is spoken.
b. Language is an arbitrary and abstract system of signs that exists independently of any speaker, speech is the actual performance of language by an individual speaker.
c. Language is the actual performance of speech by an individual speaker, while speech is an arbitrary and abstract system of signs that exists independently of any speaker.
d. Language is formal and proper; speech is often slang.
e. Language does not exist if speech does not occur.
Q:
The relationship between language and culture is illustrated by the fact that:
a. All languages have the same number of words.
b. The most complex societies have the most complex languages.
c. The vocabulary of a language emphasizes those features of the environment that are culturally most significant.
d. All languages contain words for all aspects of the physical environment.
e. Some words are the same in all cultures.
Q:
Why is there variation between human populations in the ability to digest lactose? How has natural selection affected and maintained this variation?
Q:
Define transculturation and give an example of it.
Q:
Discuss two major causes of genetic variation among human groups.
Q:
Why is the hemoglobin S allele found in very high frequencies in some populations even though it is a lethal recessive?
Q:
Name two primary ways that culture changes.
Q:
__________ is the movement of cultural traits from one society to another.
Q:
Name three adaptive aspects of a Karen house in northwestern Thailand.
Q:
Why are there many lethal recessives found at low frequencies in human populations?
Q:
What are the disadvantages of cultural adaptation over biological adaptation?
Q:
Choose a trait and describe how the three sources of variation can cause the trait to vary.
Q:
The rates of change in the human lineage for highly accelerated regions of the genome that have undergone negative selection imply that they have been shaped bya. genetic drift. b. natural selection. c. mutation.d. sexual selection.
Q:
To determine whether the differences between the human and chimpanzee genome are a result of natural selection or mutation and drift, geneticists compare synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions. Genes that have evolved because of selection should show what pattern?a. Fewer nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous substitutions.b. More nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous substitutions.c. No difference in nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions.d. There is too little information to answer this question.
Q:
What advantages does cultural adaptation have over biological adaptation?
Q:
What percentage of protein-coding genes of humans and chimpanzees differ in a way that produces different proteins?a. 10% b. 30% c. 50%d. 70%
Q:
How is a subculture different from a dominant culture?
Q:
Compare and contrast the concepts of norms and values.
Q:
Researchers think that the negatively selected sequence HAR1
a. is related to the rapid evolution of the large and complex human brain.
b. has a slower rate of change in humans than in other lineages.
c. is found in a coding region and results in new proteins.
d. is involved in speech production along with FOXP2.
Q:
________ do not produce any change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.a. Transposable elements b. Synonymous substitutions c. Microsatellite locid. Highly accelerated regions
Q:
How would you best describe a neo-Marxist theoretical approach?
Q:
Humans and chimpanzees differ in about ________% of their total nucleotides.a. 1.0 b. 2.5 c. 3.0d. 0.75
Q:
Describe Marvin Harris' analysis of Hindu cows in India using an ecological functionalist approach.
Q:
Why do functionalist anthropologists frequently compare cultures to biological organisms?
Q:
What does Clifford Geertz mean by saying that "culture is like a novel"?
Q:
Genetic results for "black" and "white" Brazilians reveals
a. that racial categories are consistent with genetic data.
b. little correlation between phenotype and ancestry.
c. that, although Brazilians can be categorized into race based on phenotype, they cannot be categorized genetically.
d. that folk classifications are genetically meaningful.
Q:
Classification of people in Brazil
a. includes the use of "smor."
b. reflects the ancestry of people.
c. reflects the same prejudices seen in North America.
d. reflects genetic variation.
Q:
Why do many anthropologists believe that football is so popular in the United States?
Q:
Which of the following statements about race is true?
a. The human species can be naturally divided into a small number of distinct races.
b. Members of different races are different in important ways, so that knowing a person's race gives you important information about what he or she is like.
c. Members of each race are genetically similar to each other, and genetically different from members of other races.
d. We cannot determine a discrete number of racial categories.
Q:
What is structural anthropology?
Q:
Define cognitive anthropology and give an example of a cognitive approach in the discipline.
Q:
An increase in stature coincided with modernization for many groups of people. This increase may be related to
a. less poverty.
b. more control of childhood diseases.
c. less environmental pollution.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Genetic variation within local groups around the world contains about ________ of the genetic variation in the human species.a. 5% b. 35% c. 85%d. 95%
Q:
The process of learning to be a member of a particular cultural group is called __________.
Q:
In the opinion of the textbook authors, race is
a. a meaningful biological concept.
b. a biological reality only when the distribution of many genetic traits is considered.
c. a culturally constructed category.
d. an important tool for understanding human variation.
Q:
What do anthropologists mean by the term "social birth"?
Q:
Compare Tylor's 1873 definition of culture with that which is most used today. How are they alike and different?
Q:
Most genetic variation existsa. within local groups. b. among local groups within races. c. between races.d. between local groups.
Q:
Define what a symbol is and provide an example.
Q:
Most modern scientists studying human variation believe that humans can be divided into
a. three races: Caucasian, African, and Asian.
b. five races: Caucasian, African, Asian, American Indian, and indigenous Australian.
c. seven races: Caucasian, African, Asian, American Indian, Australian, Polynesian, and Oceanic.
d. one race: human.
Q:
Classifying humans into races is not possible because
a. genetic variation is continuous.
b. the placement of individuals within any single category is clear and obvious.
c. classifications based on different characters lead to consistent groupings.
d. race is not culturally relevant.
Q:
What are the six characteristics of culture?
Q:
Fully understanding an issue requires using many theoretical perspectives.
Q:
Twin studies assume
a. that the early environments of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are equally similar.
b. that the fetal environments of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are equally similar.
c. that monozygotic twins share fewer genes.
d. both a and b.
Q:
One example of transculturation is when young people in the Middle East use social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to show the repression occurring within their countries.
Q:
Height and stature area. not heritable within most human populations.b. heritable within human populations.c. can change if environments change.d. both b and c.