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Anthropology
Q:
Among the Lacandon Maya, an extensive cultivating society:
a. Individuals have the right to buy and sell any land use.
b. Individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow.
c. Individuals and families must petition the chief yearly for an allotment of land.
d. Individuals may not buy and sell land but heads of families may do so.
e. Individuals may only gain access to land through inheritance.
Q:
Land in horticultural societies is:
a. Owned by individuals.
b. Owned by chiefs or headmen.
c. Owned by men but worked by women.
d. Communally owned by kin groups.
e. Not owned by anyone.
Q:
Which of the following is most essential in pastoralist societies?
a. Rights of ownership of land.
b. Rights of access to land.
c. The ability to sell land.
d. The ability to acquire land through inheritance.
e. The ability to transfer rights of land ownership as part of a marriage contract.
Q:
How do contemporary pastoralists primarily obtain access to land for grazing?
a. Through contracts with landowners as they pass through areas.
b. Through legal documents that allow them permanent use rights.
c. Through labor exchange with agriculturalists as they pass through the areas.
d. Through warfare and acquisition of property as they migrate through areas.
e. Through inheritance of private property.
Q:
Where resources are scarce and large areas are needed to support the population, territorial boundaries are:
a. Strictly defended and the cause of high amounts of conflict.
b. Loosely marked, but strictly defended by military coalitions.
c. Usually not defended.
d. Strictly marked, but loosely defended during certain seasons.
e. Marked and privately owned by influential members of the community.
Q:
In foraging (hunting and gathering) societies, land:
a. Is generally owned by individuals who are generous about letting others use it.
b. Is customarily used by certain groups, but others are not denied access to it.
c. Is owned by the corporate group and not the individual.
d. Is owned by chiefs or headmen, who have the right to sell it if desired.
e. Is privately and exclusively owned by men.
Q:
Material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information is known as the:
a. Economic system.
b. Consumption resources.
c. Distributive resources.
d. Productive resources.
e. Economizing behavior.
Q:
As social complexity and population increase, the differences between economic systems is mostly measured as a difference in:
a. Access to productive resources.
b. Management of distribution systems.
c. Quantity of consumption of goods and services.
d. Fitness and leisure activities available to the population.
e. Political organizations.
Q:
In Western cultures dominated by capitalism, extremely high emphasis is placed on:
a. Status.
b. Family and kinship connections.
c. Wealth and material prosperity.
d. Reciprocal relations of gift giving.
e. Behaving appropriately for one's social position.
Q:
Economics is defined as:
a. The study of financial fluctuations within a particular society.
b. The study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine how their society uses resources for production and distribution.
c. The study of the interaction between culture, politics, and finances.
d. The study of how the financial market influences a society's financial and cultural elements.
e. The study of activities that affect distribution, exchange, and consumption.
Q:
In economics, economizing behavior is:
a. Behavior designed to save money for a household.
b. Choosing to buy a generic rather than a name brand product.
c. Attempting to increase profits by investing savings.
d. Only present in capitalist market economies.
e. Making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit.
Q:
The critical elements of any economic system are:
a. Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
b. Production, distribution, and consumption.
c. Currency, capital, and exchange.
d. Government, exchange, and consumption.
e. Agriculture, trade, and taxation.
Q:
Is it better for us to eat local foods? Why?
Q:
Why did the American beef industry experience a boom after World War II?
Q:
The integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network is called __________.
Q:
Define industrialism as a subsistence strategy.
Q:
Name three advantages of using a plow in agriculture.
Q:
What does it mean to say that horticulture is a "mixed subsistence strategy"?
Q:
How is agriculture different from horticulture?
Q:
Describe an agricultural two-year cycle using what you have learned from Musha, Egypt.
Q:
__________ are rural, food-producing populations that are incorporated into larger state societies.
Q:
What are the primary steps in swidden cultivation?
Q:
Compare and contrast transhumant and nomadic pastoralism.
Q:
How is pastoralism different from ranching?
Q:
Describe the Maasai practice of "drought reserve."
Q:
Define foraging.
Q:
Name four characteristics of a foraging society.
Q:
What major challenges are the Gwich"in of northeastern Alaska facing as a result of global warming?
Q:
The number of individuals supported per square mile of earth is called __________.
Q:
Name two major changes that have occurred to the Inuit people's subsistence strategy during the past few decades.
Q:
What are the five basic subsistence strategies that anthropologists recognize?
Q:
Name the three basic criteria of each subsistence strategy.
Q:
Agriculture requires more capital investment than horticulture.
Q:
The global food industry has led to increased poverty in rural America.
Q:
Industrialism has led to increased equality among people worldwide.
Q:
It is likely that difficult and dangerous conditions in the meat packing industry will soon result in new, strong government regulation of that industry.
Q:
The demand for beef in America rose dramatically in the stock boom of the 1920s.
Q:
An important source of income for the Egyptian village of Musha is the money sent back to the village by migrant labor.
Q:
In Musha, Egypt, wheat and cotton are among the most important crops.
Q:
In the last fifty years, the Lua" have increasingly moved from horticulture to agriculture.
Q:
The historic Maasai subsistence strategy takes account of the fact that in some years there will be drought.
Q:
Yarahmadzai herders virtually never work for cash.
Q:
Pastoralism can be either transhumant or nomadic.
Q:
Pastoralism is mainly found in areas that are too dry to support human populations through agriculture.
Q:
Global warming has made it easier for the Inuit to hunt year-round and has therefore increased the number of Inuit living traditional lifestyles.
Q:
Today, only a very small percentage of the world's people live by foraging.
Q:
Most contemporary foragers have been pushed back by more dominant cultures and are currently found in marginal areas of the world.
Q:
The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density.
Q:
Because of global warming, the Gwich"in in northeastern Alaska are facing a high reduction in the number of seals they harvest each year.
Q:
The example of the Kayapo of the Xingu River Basin in South America shows that traditional people were often capable of destroying their own environments.
Q:
The change from foraging to food production was revolutionary in that it happened within a very short period of time.
Q:
The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment.
Q:
The globalization of food has resulted in large increases in the wealth and power of:
a. The governments of poor nations.
b. Rural populations in poor nations.
c. Rural populations in wealthy nations.
d. Already wealthy city dwellers in wealthy nations.
e. Multinational corporations involved in agriculture.
Q:
A study about different types of vegetables consumed today found that what percentage of varieties of these vegetables is now extinct?
a. 35%.
b. 59%.
c. 74%.
d. 85%.
e. 97%.
Q:
One result of the increased globalization of food is:
a. The revival of the family farm.
b. Increased reliance on food that is easy to ship.
c. Increased dependence on fast food and junk food.
d. Increased power of groups such as the Slow Foods movement.
Q:
A critical way in which industrial production differs from other productive systems is:
a. Increased dependence on male labor.
b. Substantially reduced working hours and greater free time.
c. The focus of production moves from food to other goods.
d. Increased dependence on female labor.
e. Increasing economic equality among members of society.
Q:
A major characteristic of industrialism is that it:
a. Is an energy-conserving strategy.
b. Restrains population growth.
c. Is incompatible with urbanization.
d. First occurred at the same time in different parts of the Western and non-Western world.
e. Invariably expands beyond its own boundaries.
Q:
Extremely difficult working conditions in the meat packing industry:
a. Have only occurred since the 1960s.
b. Have improved dramatically now that most of the process is automated.
c. Have been "normal" since the 19th century.
d. Are a much greater problem for female workers than male workers.
e. Have almost disappeared as the result of the unionization of the industry.
Q:
Increasing beef consumption led to changes in the meat packaging industry. These included:
a. Increased importance of unions.
b. Increasing use of unskilled immigrant labor.
c. Rising wages for workers.
d. Increasing need for highly educated work force.
e. Movement of meat packing industry from rural to urban areas.
Q:
Which of the following was a critical change in rural America related to the increase in beef consumption in the late 20th century?
a. Increasing wealth of farmers (along with the increasing tendency of their children to leave the farm).
b. Increasing presence of Wal-mart and other superstores and decline of family-owned businesses.
c. Increasing domination by large corporate farming operations and decline of family farm.
d. Increasing opportunities in rural America leading populations to return from cities to rural areas.
e. Increasing importance of education in rural school districts.
Q:
Preindustrial agriculture uses all of the following techniques except:
a. Fertilizer.
b. Selective livestock breeding.
c. Crop rotation.
d. Irrigation.
e. Pesticides.
Q:
Agriculture is characterized by a:
a. Simple technology, such as the use of a digging stick.
b. Low population densities when compared with other food getting strategies.
c. Relatively complex techniques of water and soil control.
d. Slashing and burning of forest cover.
e. Nomadic movement of village populations.
Q:
Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, more complex state societies are called:
a. Farmers.
b. Horticulturalists.
c. Agriculturalists.
d. Peasants.
e. Peons.
Q:
Musha, in Upper Egypt, is a typical contemporary peasant village in that the peasants:
a. Are isolated from the outside world.
b. Are in almost total control of their economy.
c. Have hardly changed their culture in hundreds of years.
d. Are highly constrained by government intervention.
e. Are influential in government planning.
Q:
Which of the following is a culture change that has occurred recently in Musha, Egypt?
a. Women are becoming better educated than men.
b. The population has decreased over the last 100 years.
c. The income from cash crops is not as important as it once was.
d. Few people leave the village to work.
e. Tractors are now used for many purposes.
Q:
The defining characteristic of horticulture is that:
a. It is the most inefficient utilization of the environment.
b. Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated.
c. Plows and labor-intensive methods are used.
d. It cannot support populations over 25 persons per square mile.
e. It is found only in the New World.
Q:
A major change in Lua' subsistence patterns in the last several decades is:
a. Their growing isolation from other Thai hill tribes.
b. An increase in the diversity of crops planted.
c. A growing dependence on a few main crops which they sell to the market.
d. An increase in wild game in the forest so that they no longer need to depend on cultivation.
e. Expulsion from their lands because of the Vietnam War.
Q:
The horticultural cycle of the Lua' indicates that they:
a. Have little knowledge about the best growing conditions for a particular crop.
b. Plant and harvest according to the government's willingness to buy their crops.
c. Use their highly effective knowledge of their environment for subsistence and cash crops.
d. Were better off l00 years ago when they were foragers in the same environment.
e. Are unable to participate in cash cropping since they are distant from markets where their products would be in demand.
Q:
Define social facilitation, observational learning, and emulation. How do these different types of learning mechanisms play a role in shaping human culture?
Q:
Imagine you are a European explorer living in nineteenth-century Europe and you decide to embark on an expedition to explore the Arctic. Based on historical evidence, how likely are you to survive this journey and why?
Q:
In Lua' horticulture, women:
a. Play no role in cultivation but only process food.
b. Harvest rice along with the men.
c. Do all cultivation jobs except driving a tractor.
d. Take care of the animals rather than work in the fields.
e. Plant and harvest kitchen gardens but do not participate in growing or harvesting the principal crop.
Q:
In what ways is human cooperation different from that of other mammal species?
Q:
The main subsistence crop of the Lua' is:
a. Wheat.
b. Potatoes.
c. Rice.
d. Beans.
e. Corn
Q:
What do game theory scenarios illustrate about the nature of human cooperation? Include in your answer a discussion of the dictator game and the ultimatum game.
Q:
Like most horticulturalists, the Lua' traditionally plant:
a. Only one main crop.
b. A variety of crops with rotating harvesting seasons.
c. Whatever crops bring the highest price in the world market.
d. Corn, beans, and squash.
e. Year after year, in the fields closest to their villages.
Q:
How does culture differ between human and nonhuman primates? How is it similar?
Q:
Why can cultural inheritance lead to outcomes not predicted by evolutionary theory?
Q:
The Yurok
a. built pyramids.
b. built snow houses that kept them warm during frigid winters.
c. made a living by raising and herding cattle.
d. constructed weirs to harvest salmon requiring the labor of hundreds of men from different villages.
Q:
Which of the following is a typical outcome of the dictator game?
a. Proposers allocate 20% to 30% of their endowments to the other player.
b. Proposers allocate 80% to 90% of their endowments to the other player.
c. Proposers refuse to allocate any of their endowments to the other player.
d. Proposers receive a 20% bonus for being generous.
Q:
In addition to milk and meat products derived from their herds of camels, sheep, and goats, the Yarahmadzai do all of the following except:
a. Gather dates.
b. Trade with agriculturalists.
c. Work for cash in nearby towns.
d. Cultivate grain.
e. Raise chickens.