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Anthropology
Q:
In Minangkabau culture, when a woman gets married she and her husband move into her family's "big house."
Q:
Women usually have a lower status in societies where there is a matrilineal reckoning of descent than they do in a patrilineal society.
Q:
In Nuer culture, kinship lineage is important because all who are not in some way kin are enemies.
Q:
In patrilineal descent groups, inheritance moves from father to son.
Q:
Matrilineage refers to a lineage formed by descent in the male line.
Q:
Clans have more domestic and economic functions than religious functions.
Q:
In a unilineal kinship system, one is affiliated with family members on both the father's and mother's side.
Q:
In most human societies, inheritance and succession take place as part of the kin group.
Q:
Kinship is a culturally defined relationship.
Q:
What do we call immigrants who maintain close relations with their home countries?
a. Native immigrants.
b. Transnationals.
c. Transmigrants.
d. Transients.
e. Consanguineal migrants.
Q:
Transnationalism is:
a. The pattern of close ties and frequent visits between immigrants and those remaining in their home country.
b. The pattern of immigrating to a new country.
c. The pattern of splitting time equally between two countries.
d. The pattern of creating new ties in the country an immigrant has migrated to.
e. The pattern of migrating nuclear family members to a new country.
Q:
Current American immigration policies gives preference to the following family members:
a. Spouses only.
b. Children only.
c. Spouses and children.
d. Brothers and sisters.
e. Grandparents.
Q:
What is meant by the term "new product ethnography"?
Q:
Anthropologist Francisco Aguilera argues that anthropologists bring three unique capacities to the corporate community. What are these?
Q:
Present and discuss two examples of anthropological work in the corporate world.
Q:
What are the three fundamental attributes of capitalism?
Q:
The predominant form of exchange in capitalist societies is __________.
Q:
Name three leveling mechanisms that exist in the Chiapas district of Mexico.
Q:
A practice, value, or aspect of social organization that results in a lessening of the true disparities of wealth in a society is called a(n) __________.
Q:
The competitive feast of the Kwakiutl at which chiefs distribute and destroy goods to validate their claims to prestige is called a(n) __________.
Q:
Describe the ceremonial exchange that takes place in kula.
Q:
Belize has long been affected by global economic forces. Recently, however, two contradictory trends have developed in Belize cuisine. What are these?
Q:
Describe how gift-giving creates a social relationship, according to Marcel Mauss.
Q:
How does generalized reciprocity also serve as a social mechanism in foraging societies?
Q:
What are the three types of reciprocity?
Q:
Under what conditions do we expect an increasingly specialized and complex division of labor?
Q:
Name three distinctions between a household and a firm.
Q:
What are the two most critical resources for pastoralists?
Q:
Under what conditions do we expect to find foragers defending their territory?
Q:
What is meant by the term "productive" resources?
Q:
What do anthropologists mean by economizing behavior? Is this always linked to financial gain?
Q:
What are the three components of economics?
Q:
All individuals living in a capitalist society must participate in this economic system.
Q:
Exchanging one's labor for a wage is a fundamental component of capitalism.
Q:
A capital good is anything that is used to make something else.
Q:
Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices) generally prevents anyone from becoming wealthy.
Q:
A leveling mechanism is a practice or form of social organization that evens out wealth in a society.
Q:
The potlatch is an example of negative reciprocity.
Q:
In Belize, there is a long tradition of national cuisine.
Q:
The objective of negative reciprocity is to gain material advantage without having to give anything in return.
Q:
Since they can be used in gardening, the key items exchanged in the Kula trade have great economic value.
Q:
Balanced reciprocity is typical of trading relationships among non-industrialized people without market economies.
Q:
There are three types of reciprocity: generalized, neutral, and balanced.
Q:
Industrialization and specialization have limited the access people have to goods and services.
Q:
One universal aspect of the division of labor is that women have the major responsibility for child care.
Q:
In modern capitalist societies, people rarely get much of their identity through work.
Q:
A household is similar to a firm because both are defined as groups that are united by kinship and have goals to increase their size indefinitely.
Q:
Capital is the productive resources that can be used to increase financial wealth.
Q:
Foraging societies are likely to have rigid boundaries and defend them against encroachers.
Q:
Productive resources are goods, natural resources, or information that is used to create other goods.
Q:
All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain.
Q:
It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system.
Q:
There are many people in the United States who resist capitalism. Some common ways they do so are:
a. Joining unions.
b. Telecommuting.
c. Becoming college professors.
d. Starting their own small companies.
e. Garage sales, hunting, and gardening.
Q:
The economic production of Turkish women:
a. Is slight and has little impact on the overall economy.
b. Is best understood in terms of their social obligations and relations of reciprocity.
c. Is clearly demonstrated in women's basket weaving.
d. Is best understood through the lens of market exchange.
e. Is believed to have high monetary value in Turkish society.
Q:
Anthropologist Eleanor Wynn's work in a corporation demonstrates:
a. The ease of using anthropological skills outside of an academic setting.
b. How anthropologists are able to achieve independent status and recognition when conducting research for a corporation.
c. The difficulty anthropologists experience when trying to find jobs outside of academia.
d. The limited area of research available to anthropologists.
e. How anthropological skills are essential at the corporate level.
Q:
When discussing anthropological research, Francisco Aguilera states that:
a. Anthropologists often have difficulty incorporating their beliefs into the corporate world.
b. Anthropologists do not use their participant-observer methodology outside of work conducted in the field.
c. Disciplines in the social sciences have little to offer corporate businesses.
d. Anthropologists are more apt at talking about culture than people from other disciplines.
e. Anthropologists have better analytical skills than people from other disciplines.
Q:
Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?
a. People in capitalist societies sell their labor for wages in order to survive.
b. Government plays a very little role in the regulation of the economy.
c. All people in capitalist societies are involved in capitalism.
d. Ownership of capital resources is spread roughly evenly throughout the population.
e. People receive approximately the full value of their labor.
Q:
Which of the following best describes capitalism?
a. An economic system that has become predominant in the last 300 years.
b. A system designed to provide equal life-chances for all.
c. A system designed to minimize differences in wealth among people.
d. A critical means governments use to control the economy.
e. An idea present in all societies.
Q:
The difference between a productive resource and a capital resource is:
a. Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations. Productive resources exist everywhere.
b. Capital resources can exist only in modern industrialized nations. Productive resources exist only in traditional societies.
c. The ownership of capital resources makes one wealthy, but the ownership of productive resources does not.
d. Capital resources are used to generate profit for their owners, while productive resources do not necessarily have this function.
e. Capital resources can be sold or inherited, productive resources cannot.
Q:
Today's market exchange system can be characterized by the phrase, "caveat emptor," which means:
a. "Let the buyer beware."
b. "All trade is equal."
c. "You break it, you buy it."
d. "Fair trade is empty trade."
e. "Heed all warnings."
Q:
In Mexico, a cargo is:
a. The amount of a handicraft that can be produced in a single day.
b. The requirement that women carry water and cook food for the family.
c. The quantity of a crop that can be carried from field to village.
d. The obligation of a son-in-law to provide for his wife's parents.
e. A religious office held for a year and requiring substantial financial outlay.
Q:
Leveling mechanisms are ways of evening out the distribution of wealth in society. Which of the following is not an example of a leveling mechanism?
a. The Mexican cargo system whereby wealthy adults take turns in sponsoring religious feasts.
b. The inheritance pattern by which all of a man's children share equally in his property.
c. Witchcraft accusations against especially prosperous persons.
d. The welfare and social security systems of modern industrialized nations.
e. A public stock offering by a private firm in a capitalist society.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the economics of potlatch of the tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast?
a. An irrational destruction of valuable property.
b. An imitation of European parties and feasting.
c. The most fundamental reason why these tribes have such a low standard of living.
d. A method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large dispersed population.
e. An expression of a cultural value that emphasizes charity and helping the poor.
Q:
When a group collects goods and then gives them out to their own members or members of other groups, they are participating in:
a. Reciprocity
b. A market economy.
c. Redistribution
d. The institutionalization of unequal wealth.
e. The kula trade.
Q:
Which of the following might a chief at a potlatch be likely to do?
a. Ask God for forgiveness of his sins.
b. Brag about his wealth and power.
c. Praise the wealth and power of the people he has invited.
d. Demand that his followers worship him.
e. Demand that those whom he invited give him gifts.
Q:
Because formal government is not present in the kula trading groups:
a. It is important that relations between partners remain friendly to reinforce the close ties of the participants.
b. Disorder often disrupts the stability of the trade networks.
c. Some groups are able to achieve economic dominance over others.
d. Participants are able to trade without fear of government laws and prohibitions.
e. It is often difficult for trading networks to remain stable and maintain reciprocal relationships.
Q:
All of the following were part of historical moments in the development of Belizean cuisine except:
a. Settlement by European Baymen that introduced processed and preserved breads and meats.
b. Migration of Belizeans to the U.S. where they developed a more distinct national Belizean cuisine that they then re-introduced to Belize.
c. Increasing numbers of tourists to Belize that cause development of more international cuisine to cater to the tourists' needs.
d. Reliance on an economy of slavery in which the slaves were fed on large amounts of imported rations.
e. Growing numbers of indigenous peoples in Belize beginning to market local products and foods.
Q:
Kluckhohn showed when the Navajo traded with outsiders:
a. They were extremely careful to be honest and fair.
b. They engaged in silent trade, placing the goods they wanted to trade in the open and accepting whatever their trading partners gave.
c. They were particularly interested in jewelry and less interested in money.
d. It was considered morally acceptable to deceive.
e. They generally got taken.
Q:
Balanced reciprocity is most typical of what kinds of trading relationships?
a. Industrialized peoples with market economies.
b. Non-industrialized peoples without market economies.
c. Non-industrialized peoples with market economies.
d. Foraging societies with no formal economies.
e. Exchange between household economies and firms.
Q:
For the Trobriand Islanders, the central part of the Kula trade is:
a. The opportunity to prove their manhood by taking long sea voyages.
b. Trading for types of food that are unavailable on their home island.
c. Trading for bracelets and armbands.
d. The opportunity to meet potential mates.
e. The after-parties that accompany all trading.
Q:
In a system of balanced reciprocity, giving a gift to someone:
a. Carries no obligations for either the giver or the receiver.
b. Starts a pattern in which the giver will continue to present gifts and the recipient will show gratitude.
c. Requires that the recipient return a more-or-less equivalent gift at a later date.
d. Demands a counter-gift if the recipient is the same gender as the giver.
e. Is only permitted if the giver is an adult and the recipient a child.
Q:
Generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in:
a. Foraging societies.
b. Pastoral societies.
c. Chiefdoms.
d. Peasant agricultural societies.
e. State societies.
Q:
Marcel Mauss, and many other anthropologists, theorized that an important function of gift giving is to:
a. Hold societies together.
b. Expand the technological base of a society.
c. Build up the economic resources of some families at the expense of other families.
d. Provide an outlet for the innate human desire to give and receive gifts.
e. Build up the power of the state.
Q:
A high degree of specialization of labor:
a. Is characteristic of all human societies.
b. Occurs more among horticulturalists than pastoralists.
c. Is unrelated to the food-getting strategy of a group.
d. Exists only in industrialized societies.
e. Tends to correlate with high population and agricultural intensification.
Q:
One critical economic difference between a firm and a household is:
a. Firms look for profit in their cash transactions, households rarely do.
b. Firms have no obligations to the communities in which they are found; households have many.
c. Firms may grow with relative ease, but the structure of households limits their growth.
d. Firms may expand their size through hiring new members but the membership of a household is fixed.
e. Firms usually behave in a manner that is economically rational, households rarely do.
Q:
The right of an individual or family to use a piece of land and pass that land to descendants, but not to sell or trade the land is called:
a. Private property.
b. Rights of lien.
c. Patrimonial rights.
d. Usufruct right.
e. Rights of inheritance.
Q:
Peasants generally:
a. Own the land that they farm.
b. Support a wealthy, landowning class.
c. Have higher standards of living than horticulturalists.
d. Become landowners if they work hard enough.
e. Survive only by doing part time factory work for wages.
Q:
The idea of private ownership of land tends to develop in societies where:
a. Material and labor investment in land becomes substantial.
b. Land is freely available to all.
c. Population is declining.
d. Technology is not widespread.
e. Men hunt and women gather.
Q:
In agricultural societies, the principal form of resources is:
a. Capital.
b. Trade.
c. Labor.
d. Livestock.
e. Status.
Q:
Among extensive cultivators, one of the key factors that determines whether land will be considered exclusive and defended is:
a. Contact with Western cultures (societies that have Western contact defend, others do not).
b. The types of crops planted (lands where tree crops are planted are defended but root crops are not).
c. The presence of irrigation works (lands with such works are defended, others are not).
d. The presence of warrior societies (cultures with warrior societies defend lands, others do not).
e. The relationship of land and population (societies with high population density defend lands, others do not).