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Anthropology
Q:
The overwhelming majority of Americans define themselves as:
a. Elite.
b. The working class.
c. Poor.
d. Middle class.
e. Classless.
Q:
An example of an achieved status is:
a. Occupation.
b. Sex.
c. Ethnic group.
d. Caste.
e. Clan.
Q:
Which of the following is not a primary dimension of stratification?
a. Wealth.
b. Personality.
c. Prestige.
d. Symbolic power.
e. Political power.
Q:
In pre-Communist China, one group that had very high prestige was:
a. Scholars.
b. Merchants.
c. Money lenders.
d. Farmers.
e. Craftsmen.
Q:
From an anthropological perspective, wealth is:
a. The distribution of material resources.
b. The accumulation of material resources.
c. The consumption of material resources.
d. The production of material resources.
e. Income disparity between classes.
Q:
According to Karl Marx, the basis of social stratification is:
a. The development of Protestantism in the 16th century.
b. The relationship of people to the means of production.
c. Prestige attached to occupations.
d. Wealth inherited from ancestors.
e. Sub-cultural differences.
Q:
A conflict perspective on social stratification argues that:
a. Social stratification results from the constant struggle for scarce goods and services.
b. Stratification is good because it ensures that all of society's tasks get done.
c. The jobs that people take are in no way related to the income that they can earn.
d. Social stratification is in conflict with the American ideal of equal opportunity.
e. Social stratification is functional in agricultural societies but not in industrial ones.
Q:
Conflict theory holds that the natural condition of society is:
a. Order and stability.
b. Sex and violence.
c. Conflict and change.
d. Happiness.
e. Misery.
Q:
The view that it is necessary to pay a surgeon a large amount of money so that people will undertake the difficult training necessary to fill this job is this characteristic of:
a. Conflict theory.
b. Functional theory.
c. Symbolic theory.
d. Configurational theory.
e. Diffusion theory.
Q:
The functionalist perspective on social stratification holds that:
a. The whole society benefits because the system provides motivation for people to take risks or to fill difficult jobs.
b. Only the upper class benefits from the system.
c. Class and caste systems are both based on economic exploitation.
d. Affirmative action programs have no justifiable role in a democratic society.
e. Class conflict is the major way in which a society changes.
Q:
Social stratification is most characteristic of:
a. Rank societies.
b. Pastoral societies.
c. Fishing societies.
d. Horticultural societies.
e. Societies with high levels of social complexity.
Q:
Social stratification is the result of:
a. The fact that people are born with different natural talents.
b. The fact that there are several different races.
c. Theft of property by the strongest in society.
d. Human nature.
e. Unequal distribution of resources.
Q:
Functionalist theories of state development emphasize the emergence of a powerful elite class that protects its power and privileges.
Q:
More than any other form of political organization, the state can carry out military action for both defensive and offensive purposes.
Q:
Tribes and chiefdoms both have centralized leadership.
Q:
Chiefdoms are stratified societies.
Q:
Warfare may be a means of regulating population in tribal societies.
Q:
The interdependence of social stratification and the rise of the state are well illustrated by the operation of the Kpelle moot.
Q:
The tribal "big man" is an inherited position of leadership.
Q:
Band societies have neither warfare nor violence because they are egalitarian.
Q:
All human societies have some normative system for dealing with people who break the rules.
Q:
Rebellion aims at overthrowing the present political structure and replacing it with a new one.
Q:
Hegemony refers to the dominance of a political elite based on a close identification between their goals and those of the larger society.
Q:
In a stratified society, no one is denied access to the basic material resources needed to survive.
Q:
Political organization refers to the patterned ways in which power and authority are used in a society to regulate behavior.
Q:
The Tohono O"odham oppose the construction of a border fence between Mexico and the U.S. because:
a. They are Mexicans and want to have open access to both countries.
b. Their families live along the border, and their homes will be destroyed by its construction because it is proposed along their settlement path.
c. They own the land where the border will be constructed and do not want to sell to the U.S. government because it will leave them without territory.
d. They are concerned that their traditional way of life, including their rituals, will be affected by the land closure.
e. They are revolutionaries who oppose the creation of a nation-state through territorial boundaries.
Q:
All of the following are strong challenges that nation-states face from increasing globalization except:
a. Rise of multinational corporations that cut across nation-state lines.
b. Rise of global governing organizations, such as United Nations, which takes away their autonomy.
c. Increasingly international workforce both in and outside of the nation-state.
d. Rise of global forces integrating the world at a level beyond that of the nation-state.
e. Employees that are transnationals.
Q:
Anthropologist Leo Chavez has referred to the U.S.-Mexico border as a place of "political theatre." By this he means that:
a. Attempts to control immigration are farcical.
b. Although the border makes news, the issues of real importance are played out in Washington D.C.
c. Different groups use border issues to promote their own agendas, ignoring the real needs of immigrants.
d. "Agitprop" tactics should be used by groups seeking to reform U.S. immigration law.
e. It is a place in which the American debate over immigration is dramatically played out.
Q:
The "Green Line" is:
a. The police force that protects American cities.
b. The geographical line that separates desert areas from tropical areas.
c. The fence that was built across Australia, from Starvation Harbor on the South Coast to a point near Cape Keravdren on the North West coast.
d. The border between Israel and the West Bank.
e. The fence separating the United States from Mexico.
Q:
What is meant by the term "well-founded fear"?
a. It is the name of a book about ethnic conflict cross-culturally.
b. It is a type of ethnic conflict in which genocide is conducted nation-wide.
c. It is the U.S. policy of granting political asylum to those who can prove they are threatened in their home countries.
d. It is an immigration policy in the U.S. in which refugees are placed in areas where their neighbors do not come from similar ethnic backgrounds.
e. It is a legal term that is used in U.S. courts to determine whether the plaintiff is guilty of coercion and threat based on ethnic background.
Q:
An important cultural difference between Serbs and Croats from the former Yugoslavia is:
a. They speak different languages.
b. Serbs are Eastern Orthodox and Croats are Catholic.
c. Serbs are generally professionals while Croats tend to hold menial unskilled jobs.
d. Serbs are attached to socialism while Croats are generally capitalists.
e. Serbs and Croats generally dress differently.
Q:
According to the text, which of the following statements most accurately describes ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia?
a. It is based on deep ethnic cultural differences which go back for centuries.
b. It is based on contemporary political manipulation of relatively small cultural differences.
c. There are no cultural differences between groups and the conflict is strictly economic.
d. The important ethnic differences have been minimized by the media.
e. The ethnic conflicts have been caused by U.S. foreign policy which favors Serbs over Bosnians.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the struggle between Shi"a and Sunni Muslims?
a. It has continued uninterrupted since the time of Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab in the early 1700s.
b. It has continued uninterrupted since the time of Mohammed Abdel Wahab in the early 20th century.
c. It is of ancient origin but can only be understood in terms of recent and current political events.
d. It does not affect the Islamic world outside of Iraq.
e. It is entirely a response to the Western invasion of and colonization of Islamic lands.
Q:
A sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience is called a:
a. Ethnic enclave.
b. Ethnic state.
c. Nation-state.
d. Tribal state.
e. Bureaucracy.
Q:
All of the following are social levels commonly created in state societies except:
a. Bureaucracy.
b. Peasant farmers.
c. Craftspeople.
d. Aristocracy.
e. Moot.
Q:
Which of the following best describes ethnic conflicts?
a. They are based on age-old hatreds and grievances.
b. They almost always come down to personality clashes between individuals.
c. They are shaped by politics, economics, and history.
d. Because of their nature, they can rarely be successfully mediated.
e. They are almost always based on shared misunderstanding.
Q:
Which of the following best characterizes "ethnic groups"?
a. A group of families living in a well-defined geographical location.
b. A group of individuals who area, at some level, all biologically related to each other.
c. A group of people who all speak the same language.
d. A group of people who all seem to others to look like each other.
e. A group of people who view themselves as sharing an identity that separates them from others in society.
Q:
In terms of political stability, state societies are:
a. The most unstable type of political system.
b. Necessarily vigilant at all times for signs of threat to elite authority.
c. Built on consensus with no need to solidify themselves through violent or coercive action.
d. Most effective when different ethnic groups are given opportunities to fully express their ethnic cultures.
e. Unlikely to survive when they have large populations of indigenous peoples.
Q:
An important way in which the Asante state controlled social mobility was in its:
a. Democratic election of the Asantehene.
b. Equitable tax structure which took from the rich and gave to the poor.
c. Policy of land reform.
d. Institution of public education in which children of all classes attended the same schools.
e. Control over the awarding of ceremonial titles and insignia.
Q:
The stability of the Asante state was built on an economy whose key items included:
a. Intensive agriculture and industrialization.
b. Shallow gold deposits and intensive agriculture.
c. Pastoralism and the slave trade.
d. Wide trade networks for luxury goods, especially in animal products.
e. A skilled and educated class of artisans and priests.
Q:
A conflict theory of the origin of the state emphasizes:
a. The emergence of centralization of power as a response to the emergence of an elite class that protects its power and privileges.
b. The rise of the state because of the need to organize manpower for irrigation projects.
c. The invention of the idea of the state in ancient Egypt and its diffusion to other parts of the world.
d. The increase of sophisticated military weaponry that developed after the Industrial Revolution.
e. The ways in which modern states are torn apart by conflict.
Q:
Which of the following correctly describes current anthropological thinking about the emergence of state level societies?
a. States emerged for different reasons in different places and at different times.
b. Control of irrigation was critical to the original emergence of the state.
c. The state emerged only once, in Egypt, and all states are in some way descendent from the original Egyptian state.
d. Diverging ethnicity and competing ethnic groups led to the origin of the state.
e. Warfare is the most critical factor in the emergence of state-level societies.
Q:
Compared with tribal societies, chiefdoms are likely to have:
a. Higher levels of internal violence.
b. Higher birth rates.
c. Greater rights for women.
d. Lesser rights for women.
e. Lower levels of internal violence.
Q:
A major distinction between chiefdoms and states is that:
a. Chiefs control their people through fear, whereas states control their people through political consensus.
b. Chiefdoms are egalitarian, whereas states have social ranking.
c. In chiefdoms, social ranking is based on kinship, whereas in states, kinship ties no longer extend throughout the society.
d. In chiefdoms, there is no centralized authority, whereas in states, there is a centralized authority.
e. Chiefdoms are integrated economically through redistribution, whereas states are economically integrated through reciprocity.
Q:
Which of the following statements about chiefs is most correct?
a. Chiefs only exist in band-level societies.
b. Chiefs' roles are mainly symbolic and have little economic or political importance.
c. Much of a chief's power is based on his ability to redistribute goods and services.
d. Chiefs are most important during times of war and have little to do in times of peace.
e. Chiefs did not exist anywhere before contact with the West; they were created by Europeans to make political dominance easier.
Q:
Most anthropologists would agree with the following statement about Yanomamo warfare:
a. Their fighting is grounded in a biologically based human instinct for aggression.
b. Warfare among the Yanomamo is too complex a situation to ever be explained by anthropologists.
c. Warfare is only of interest to anthropologists when it occurs in non-Western, tribal societies.
d. Warfare only occurs in patrilineal, patrilocal societies such as the Yanomamo.
e. Yanomamo warfare intensified after contact with the West.
Q:
An important effect of European contact on the Yanamamo was:
a. An increased ability to learn English.
b. A decrease in the amount of violence.
c. Better health and education.
d. Acquisition of firearms and increased fatalities in war.
e. A more technologically effective exploitation of their forest environment.
Q:
All of the following have been suggested as a cause of Yanamamo warfare except:
a. Attempts of individuals from one village to capture women from other villages.
b. An indirect way of controlling population.
c. High levels of female infanticide and scarcity of females.
d. Competition over scarce resources as a result of Western encounters.
e. An expression of inability of primitive peoples to control their aggressive impulses.
Q:
Which of the following do anthropologists argue as an explanation for warfare in tribal societies?
a. It is totally irrational and maladaptive.
b. It is less frequent than in band societies.
c. It may regulate the balance between population and resources.
d. It is always associated with female infanticide.
e. It stems from an aggressive human instinct.
Q:
Moots differ from courts among the Kpelle mainly in that:
a. Courts are a traditional part of Kpelle culture, whereas moots are a Western innovation.
b. Courts are held in English, whereas moots are held in the local languages.
c. Courts give a lot of time to examining the complexities of a case, whereas moots are quick, superficial affairs.
d. Courts aim at determining legal liability, whereas moots aim at reconciling disputing parties.
e. Courts have dramatic, ritual, and psychological functions, whereas moots lack these expressive aspects.
Q:
During buffalo hunts, the Cheyenne maintained order by:
a. Shaming anyone who violated a rule.
b. Gossiping about people who misbehaved.
c. Accusing misbehaving people of witchcraft
d. Beheading anyone who got out of line.
e. Policing by members of military societies.
Q:
The "bigman" as a form of leadership is associated with:
a. Increasing food production and redistribution.
b. Decreasing food production and reciprocity.
c. Occupational specialization and market exchange.
d. Population decline and cultural disintegration.
e. Communal living and socialism.
Q:
The Ojibwa coined the term okimakkan or "fake chief" when:
a. Since no male was available, a female had to assume the chief's role.
b. An individual who was chief did not have the support of the people.
c. A chief was either under 15 years of age or older than 65.
d. Chiefs negotiated treaties with settlers that involved giving away traditional lands.
e. Outside governments insisted that the Ojibwa appoint a supreme leader.
Q:
In a society that is characterized by age grades:
a. Chiefs control all of the critical material resources.
b. People follow a well-ordered progression through a series of age-related life stages.
c. Rituals are rarely necessary.
d. People who lack the necessary skills to progress to the next grade are cast out of society.
e. People are very unlikely to make significant investments in warfare.
Q:
A tribal society:
a. Is a creation of Western colonial administrators and not naturally occurring.
b. Imagines all of its members to be related by kinship.
c. Is characterized by peaceful relations among its different segments.
d. Lacks any social mechanisms to hold its different units together.
e. Is constantly in a state of warfare.
Q:
Which statement is most true of conflict in band-level societies?
a. Band-level societies never have conflict within the band.
b. Conflict is mainly between corporate kin groups fighting over land.
c. Band-level societies frequently engage in warfare.
d. Band-level societies minimize conflict between individuals but it does occur.
e. Band-level societies have died out mainly because their excessive interpersonal violence led to population decreases.
Q:
An important way of resolving conflict in band-level societies involves all of the following except:
a. Ridicule.
b. Individuals moving from one band to another.
c. Contests between individuals.
d. Public confession.
e. Imprisonment.
Q:
As the text defines law, it exists:
a. Only in state societies.
b. In all human societies.
c. Only in societies with a system of courts and judges.
d. In all societies except those at the very simplest sociocultural level.
e. Only in societies where writing has developed.
Q:
In regulating human behavior, law:
a. Is only one among many forms of social control.
b. Is most effective in small, homogeneous tribal societies.
c. By itself has no effect on human behavior.
d. Is much less effective than supernatural controls in complex societies.
e. Has no place in small, tribal societies.
Q:
Fear of witchcraft accusations would best be categorized as:
a. A formal mechanism of justice.
b. An informal mechanism of social control.
c. A use of psychology by authorities to control unwanted society members.
d. Irrational, since witches do not exist in any society.
e. The best way to avoid being the victim of a witch or sorcerer.
Q:
One thing that the Yoruba and Igbo of Nigeria as well as the Mende of Sierra Leone have in common is that:
a. They are all hunting-gathering societies.
b. They are all societies that have important third gender groups.
c. In all three, the king is also the head priest.
d. In all three, women held important formal political office.
e. All three were state level societies.
Q:
The dominance of a political elite based on a close identification between their own goals and those of the larger society is called:
a. Authority.
b. Power.
c. Legitimacy.
d. Juxtaposition.
e. Hegemony.
Q:
The study of political processes focuses on:
a. The ways in which different groups within a society use power and authority to achieve goals.
b. The written laws used to regulate behavior in complex societies.
c. National elections in democratic societies.
d. The origin of prehistoric state societies.
e. Informal means of social control in pre-state societies.
Q:
Anthropologists commonly distinguish three patterns of social differentiation:
a. Cephalus, acephalous, decephalous.
b. Small, medium, and large.
c. Democratic, communist, and fascist.
d. Egalitarian, rank, and stratified.
e. Primitive, advanced, technological.
Q:
A society's political organization is primarily related to:
a. The ecology of the area that they inhabit.
b. The degree of access individuals and groups have to basic material resources.
c. The presence of powerful individuals within the society.
d. The political organization of neighboring societies.
e. Whether or not they were ever colonized.
Q:
Why are the Tohono O"odham opposed to the construction of a border fence between the U.S. and Mexico?
Q:
What is the "Green Line"?
Q:
Discuss the primary causes of the ethnic war that erupted among groups in the former Yugoslavia once the nation-state was dismantled.
Q:
What is meant by the term "well-founded fear"?
Q:
How do states create a national culture and identity?
Q:
What is the nation-state?
Q:
Name the three social levels of a state society.
Q:
What is the Asantehene?
Q:
What is the major defining characteristic of a state society?
Q:
Define sumptuary law.
Q:
Which of the four ideal types of political organization are considered to utilize centralized leadership?
Q:
How does political leadership vary between tribes and chiefdoms?
Q:
What is a moot?
Q:
What is a "bigman" and in which type of political organization are we most likely to find this?
Q:
What types of organization serve to cut across and integrate individuals politically within the tribe?