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Anthropology
Q:
What is mana?
a. It is a religious council that makes decisions regarding community morality.
b. It is a Hindu term for priest.
c. It is religious energy that is believed to be in certain people or objects.
d. It is the sacred text of Buddhism that explains the various laws of the religious group.
e. It is a type of food that is consumed only during Jewish ceremonies in the temple.
Q:
Monkey, hyena, spider, and coyote (and sometimes bunny) are:
a. Agricultural pests.
b. Animals frequently identified with passage to an afterlife.
c. Animals frequently present as "sidekicks" of powerful gods.
d. Animals that are often identified symbolically with fertility.
e. Animals that are frequently identified with trickster gods.
Q:
A god is a spiritual being who:
a. Is understood to be intimately involved in the lives of those who believe in it.
b. Is a single, most powerful creator and ruler.
c. Is responsive to prayer and magic performed by human beings.
d. Created or controls some aspect of the world.
e. Rarely experiences psychological states similar to those experienced by people.
Q:
The Christian notion that reenacting the Last Supper stands for communion with God is an example of:
a. Superstition.
b. Science.
c. Prophecy.
d. Magic.
e. Symbolism.
Q:
Which of the following correctly characterizes the Hopi growing of blue corn?
a. When they farm blue corn, they live their religious understanding of the world.
b. They have mixed feelings when they grow blue corn because, though it is necessary to make traditional foods, it is associated with impurity and evil.
c. Only women can grow blue corn, because only women possess generative earth powers.
d. Hopi look down upon those who grow blue corn, because it represents both poverty and old-fashioned values.
e. Hopi spend little time growing corn but much time growing beans, because corn has little religious significance.
Q:
Many Hopi origin beliefs concern:
a. A ship that came from the East.
b. An epic battle between the forces of day and night.
c. A creator god who fashioned people in his own likeness.
d. A god who took yellow and white corn meal, and fashioned four men and four women from it.
e. The digging stick and the techniques for farming blue corn.
Q:
Anthropologist Sara Castle has argued that Fulani parents seem indifferent to their children because:
a. They cannot conceptualize their family size.
b. Fulani society looks down on children and sees pregnancy as embarrassing.
c. In such a patriarchal society, anything having to do with women is devalued and all children are seen as associated with women rather than men.
d. They believe that showing concern for children will attract evil sorcerers or spirits.
e. They do not believe that individuals have souls until they reach puberty.
Q:
Use of the word "myth" is problematic in anthropology because:
a. Many things we call myths are true.
b. Since "myth" is generally used to talk about ancient culture, it is more appropriate to history or archaeology.
c. We tend to use it to describe others' beliefs that we consider false but rarely apply it to our own beliefs.
d. "Myths" generally refer to origin stories but religious stories cover many subjects.
e. The central characters of "myths" are generally hero figures, but understanding these isn"t very important in anthropology.
Q:
To the extent that religion reinforces the social order:
a. It can be a catalyst for change.
b. It provides solace to the poor.
c. It is irrelevant in society.
d. It usually serves the interests of the wealthy and powerful.
e. The majority of people are unlikely to believe in it.
Q:
Prayer and magic are most likely to be used when:
a. People are superstitious.
b. The outcome of an event is uncertain.
c. People are not Christians.
d. The outcome of an event is certain and the success of the technique is assured.
e. People have sufficient time to carefully consider an event.
Q:
All of the following are characteristics of religion except:
a. Ritual.
b. Stories.
c. Symbols.
d. Practitioners.
e. Music.
Q:
A religious cosmology, or world view, functions primarily to:
a. Give meaning and order to the lives of believers.
b. Differentiate primitive from civilized societies.
c. Increase technical control over the physical environment.
d. Increase the upper class' control of the lower class.
e. Keep a society in a constant state of conflict.
Q:
How have social stratification, economics, and politics interacted in China over the past century?
Q:
How have global technology changes affected the process of immigration today?
Q:
Describe the three models of assimilation in the United States.
Q:
Define assimilation.
Q:
What are "life chances"?
Q:
How is the cultural construction of race in Brazil different from that of the United States?
Q:
What is the RACE Project?
Q:
What is a "voluntary minority"?
Q:
Define what is meant by the "one-drop rule" in racial stratification.
Q:
What realities does the black-white racial dichotomy found in the United States ignore?
Q:
How are Burakumin racially distinguished in Japan?
Q:
How has globalization affected the India caste system?
Q:
How is a caste system different from a class system?
Q:
What is meant by "downward mobility"?
Q:
How would you characterize income inequality in the United States? Use examples.
Q:
What did Paul Bloomberg mean by the term "America's forbidden thought"?
Q:
Theoretically, class systems are marked by having what type of statuses (or social positions)?
Q:
Name the three main dimensions of stratification.
Q:
Compare and contrast a functionalist and conflict approaches to the understanding of stratification.
Q:
What is social stratification?
Q:
China's recent economic experiences show the difficulty of producing prosperity without high levels of social stratification.
Q:
In contemporary China, peasants are considered better off than urban dwellers.
Q:
Changes in China since the death of Mao have resulted in increasing prosperity and increasing equality.
Q:
In the 19th century, many Americans were concerned that an influx of immigrants would lower wages and challenge American values.
Q:
According to Melissa Checker's research in Hyde Park, Georgia, communities of color and poor in the United States have made very important advances in environmental protection laws and environmental oversight.
Q:
In the United States, legislation in the 1920s limited immigration to people from the "Nordic" races of Northern and Western Europe.
Q:
Racial boundaries are very clear-cut in Brazil.
Q:
Generally speaking, Brazilians who identify themselves as having African ancestry are far worse off than those who identify themselves as white.
Q:
Race and racism are highly correlated with industrial pollution.
Q:
The RACE project is an effort by the American Anthropological Association to challenge commonly held ideas about race.
Q:
Race is a term that is always linked to classifying people according to physical differences.
Q:
The Camars of Agra were successful in changing their position in the caste system as soon as they made some money.
Q:
In a caste system, children are the same caste as both of their parents.
Q:
Education plays a role in social mobility in the United States.
Q:
The distribution of assets in the United States greatly favors the middle class.
Q:
There is no such thing as a pure class or caste society.
Q:
A good example of an achieved status in the United States is marriage.
Q:
In a capitalist society, wealth is always a source of prestige.
Q:
Conflict theory argues that specific cultural institutions function to support and serve the needs of its people even when there is no consensus.
Q:
Inequality is inevitable in large-scale social systems.
Q:
All of the following are changes that China has faced recently due to global and domestic economic changes:
a. Increasing middle class.
b. Increasing gap between opportunities and services in rural and urban areas.
c. Increasing income disparity.
d. Decreasing amounts of competition.
e. Increasing vulnerability of factory workers.
Q:
During the Maoist era, China was ideologically committed to:
a. Eradicating social class.
b. Implementing a caste system.
c. Implementing global capitalism.
d. Eradicating ethnicity.
e. Establishing new racial categories.
Q:
Important effects of China's movement toward capitalism has resulted in:
a. Increasing equality among Chinese families.
b. Diminishing importance of education.
c. Increased emphasis on agriculture.
d. Increasing attacks on bourgeois elements.
e. Increasing inequality.
Q:
It was estimated in 2010 that approximately how many foreign-born residents were living in countries around the world?
a. 78 million.
b. 134 million.
c. 214 million.
d. 527 million.
e. 716 million.
Q:
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Immigration in the United States today has very strict quotas by which it allows people entrance.
b. Assimilation is a positive experience, when it is carried out correctly, for both immigrants and the United States.
c. Assimilation is also a process of loss, as immigrants leave behind their language and cultures.
d. Although the melting pot analogy was useful in the early part of U.S. history, it is no longer used in describing immigration.
e. Assimilation is also a form of cultural divergence and diffusion.
Q:
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965:
a. Increased restrictions on the number of immigrants permitted in the U.S.
b. Set immigration quotas on non-whites but allowed open-ended white immigration.
c. Greatly decreased the number of people allowed to legally emigrate from Mexico but increased the number of Asians permitted.
d. Greatly expanded the number of people permitted to immigrate to the U.S. and abolished quotas.
e. Almost completely eliminated immigration to the United States until 1980.
Q:
Which of the following correctly defines assimilation in the United States?
a. It is change in identity that a country makes when it opens its doors to immigrants.
b. It is a process in which immigrants were expected to leave behind their cultural distinctions in favor of an American identity.
c. It is a process in which two new cultures come together to form a very different types of third culture, including elements of both the immigrant's home culture and also the cultures of American citizens.
d. It occurs when one culture takes precedence over another and suppresses it. We saw this in the early part of U.S. immigration history.
e. It is a process in which immigrants are selected based on allowable quotas in the United States.
Q:
Which of the following is associated with the assimilationist model of immigrant adaptation in the United States?
a. The salad bowl.
b. The fondue pot.
c. The frying pan and skillet.
d. The melting pot.
e. The barbeque.
Q:
In the era 1880-1920, many immigrants came to the United States. It was also in this era that:
a. Racial prejudice almost disappeared from the United States.
b. Immigrants came to be defined in racial terms.
c. Economic opportunities were available to immigrants regardless of race.
d. All peoples of European origin began to be lumped together as white people.
e. Racial prejudice grew to levels never before seen in the U.S.
Q:
Ethnicity as a national issue in the United States has mainly been discussed in relation to:
a. Indigenous peoples.
b. National origin of immigrants.
c. Gender.
d. Social class.
e. Religious adherence.
Q:
In general, the attitude of the Brazilian government toward race has been:
a. To pursue a "separate but equal" policy.
b. To provide development budgets for each race proportionate to each race's percentage of the total population.
c. To make sure each race receives proportional representation in the legislature.
d. To defuse racial tensions by providing large, publically financed celebrations.
e. To deny that race is a social problem in Brazil.
Q:
Melissa Checker's work on Hyde Park examined the environmental concerns of:
a. An African-American community in the suburbs of Augusta, Georgia.
b. A student and young professional community in Austin, Texas.
c. An African-American community on the south side of Chicago.
d. A wealthy white community in Dutchess County, NY.
e. Residents living in the streets surrounding a large urban park in London, UK.
Q:
Which of the following ideas was promoted by Brazilian anthropologist Gilberto Freyre?
a. Brazil should really be considered an African country.
b. Brazil should really be considered a European country.
c. Brazilian national identity was the result of mixing people of European, African, and indigenous ancestry.
d. Races in Brazil should be allowed to develop their own cultures separately.
e. The relationship of races in Brazil could only be understood as a result of U.S. imperialism.
Q:
In an analysis of environmental pollution in the United States, Melissa Checker found that:
a. The most important factor was class: lower class people lived in more polluted environments.
b. The most important factor was race: middle class Hispanics and African Americans suffered more exposure to environmental pollution than lower class whites.
c. All Americans, regardless of class or race suffered about the same exposure to pollution.
d. African Americans and Hispanics were more likely to live near polluted ground but whites suffered higher levels of air pollution.
e. More federal money was spent cleaning up pollution located near African American communities than was spent cleaning up pollution located near white or Hispanic communities.
Q:
Among Brazilian individuals of African descent, about how many identify themselves as preta (black)?
a. 5 percent.
b. 15 percent.
c. 45 percent.
d. 65 percent.
e. 85 percent.
Q:
About what percentage of the Brazilian population is composed of individuals of African descent?
a. 10 percent.
b. 25 percent.
c. 45 percent.
d. 70 percent.
e. 90 percent.
Q:
The opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society is known as:
a. Social stratification.
b. Social mobility.
c. Life chances.
d. Arbitrariness.
e. Life exchanges.
Q:
John Ogbu, a Nigerian anthropologist, studied minority children in schools in the United States. His conclusion is that:
a. They do as well as non-minority children.
b. Their performance is better in the arts than in the sciences.
c. These children are held back primarily by their culture.
d. Minority schools are equal physically to non-minority schools.
e. Children from voluntary immigrant groups do better than children from involuntary immigrant groups.
Q:
Which of the following correctly identifies the effects of Hurricane Katrina and the government's response to it?
a. It allowed people to come together across racial and class lines.
b. It allowed people to come together across racial lines but not across class lines.
c. It deepened the divisions of race and class already present in New Orleans society.
d. It allowed the poor an access to wealth not previously available and allowed some to move into the middle class.
e. It created a "new racism" in a city that was among the least racist in America.
Q:
Why is skin color not biologically adequate to distinguish a group of people?
a. Skin color is a continuum of difference.
b. Skin color is not visible to all people.
c. Color is a cultural category and not all people define color the same way.
d. Skin color is never the sole characteristics of race.
e. Skin does not technically hold or transmit color.
Q:
The Burakumin in Japan are regarded by Japanese society as a(n):
a. Race.
b. Class.
c. Ethnic group.
d. Caste.
e. Clan.
Q:
An important change in the Indian caste system provoked by globalization is:
a. The social acceptance of Dalits.
b. The emergence of non-caste related occupations.
c. A widening cultural gap between the upper and lower castes.
d. The conversion of higher castes to Christianity.
e. The westernization of lower caste lifestyles.
Q:
In India, lower castes:
a. Receive more benefits than do higher castes from the caste system.
b. Have been disadvantaged by the Indian constitution.
c. Are beginning to make collective efforts to improve their position as a group.
d. Mainly change their ranking as individuals move out of the caste and into higher caste.
e. May have lower prestige than higher castes but tend to have more wealth.
Q:
One basic rule of behavior among Indian castes is that:
a. Members of different castes do not eat together.
b. Members of lower castes must always prepare food for members of higher castes.
c. While castes are rigidly separated during religious ritual, at other times members of different castes mingle freely with each other.
d. Members of one caste must always marry members of another.
e. Children are always members of their father's caste, not their mother's caste.
Q:
All of the following are true of a caste system except:
a. Caste-like systems occur only in India.
b. In a caste system it is almost impossible to change one's caste.
c. People tend to marry others in the same caste.
d. People in the same caste tend to have a similar range of occupations.
e. People in the higher ranks of a caste system are more satisfied than those in the lower ranks.
Q:
According to Katherine Newman, job loss in the U.S. entails not only economic decline but also a decline in:
a. Education.
b. Power.
c. Prestige.
d. Occupation.
e. Social mobility.
Q:
Real wealth in the U.S. is measured as income plus:
a. Assets.
b. Retirement accounts.
c. Prestige.
d. Education.
e. Private property.
f. Power.
Q:
According to the text, how many Americans were living in poverty (defined as an annual income of $22,314 or less per family of four) in 2010?
a. 6.4 million.
b. 13.7 million.
c. 37.6 million.
d. 46.2 million.
e. 79.8 million.