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Anthropology
Q:
Grooming involves:
a. the development of alliances between females only.
b. the development of alliances between males only.
c. bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual.
d. bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.
Q:
The goddess Ishtar was found in:
a. Mesopotamia
b. Egypt
c. Greece
d. India
Q:
Sexual selection is best defined as:
a. the physical competition for access to females.
b. the competition for resources to access females.
c. natural selection in one sex caused by a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.
d. selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.
Q:
Monogamous refers to:
a. a social group that is dominated by a single sex.
b. a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.
c. primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family.
d. a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring.
Q:
Gods such as "Separator of Seeds from Cotton" and "Winder into Ball" are found among the:
a. Yoruba
b. Ifugao
c. Dani
d. Shoshoni
Q:
The society with one of the greatest number of gods is the Ifugao of the Philippines with over:
a. 100 gods
b. 500 gods
c. 1200 gods
d. 2000 gods
Q:
Polyandrous:
a. refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring.
b. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
c. means "many offspring."
d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring.
Q:
The orisha are an example of:
a. otiose gods
b. spirit beings
c. attribute gods
d. trickster gods
Q:
Polygynous:
a. means "many marriages."
b. means "many offspring."
c. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.
Q:
The orisha are the gods of the:
a. Yoruba
b. Ifugao
c. Dani
d. Shoshoni
Q:
Sexual dimorphism:
a. relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.
b. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
c. tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.
d. determines male and female social hierarchy.
Q:
The idea that religion can be seen as a symbolic expression of relationships between children and their parents was proposed by:
a. Guy Swanson
b. Sigmund Freud
c. John Roberts
d. Robin Horton
Q:
Robin Horton proposed that which of the following is a variable that explains variation in the nature of gods in different societies?:
a. how often people in that society encounter other people and the world outside their own community
b. the degree to which an individual's status in the society is ascribed or achieved
c. the severity of childrearing practices in regards to feeding and toilet training
d. both a and b are true
Q:
Sexual dimorphism:
a. refers to the mating rites of primates.
b. concerns differences in body size and canine size.
c. refers primarily to male and female social hierarchy.
d. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
Q:
A status given to someone based on attributes over which they have no control (e.g., gender) is called:
a. ascribed
b. achieved
c. attributed
d. credited
Q:
Primatologists:
a. explore the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness.
b. study only physical aspect of primates.
c. study cultural anthropology.
d. know nothing of primate bones.
Q:
Natural selection generally favors behaviors that:
a. increase body size.
b. increase brain size.
c. limit population size.
d. enhance survival and reproduction.
Q:
Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances,
including by:
a. rank.
b. age.
c. kinship.
d. all of the above
Q:
The idea that supernatural beings reflect human behavior and provide a model for humans was developed by:
a. Guy Swanson
b. Sigmund Freud
c. John Roberts
d. Robin Horton
Q:
A god who withdraws from active interactions with the world is a(n)
a. otiose god
b. attribute god
c. trickster god
d. creator god
Q:
Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:
a. several species of primates coexist socially.
b. within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.
c. some primate societies are male only.
d. some primate societies are female only.
Q:
A goddess of agriculture is an example of a(n):
a. creator goddess
b. trickster goddess
c. attribute goddess
d. otiose goddess
Q:
Diversity in primate societies means that primates:
a. express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.
b. encompass a variety of species with similar behaviors.
c. can be classified into particular species exhibiting one type of behavior.
d. are just as diverse in their behavior as are humans.
Q:
The term pantheon refers to:
a. a hierarchy of gods
b. a collective of spirits
c. a coven of witches
d. the followers of a culture hero
Q:
Describe the arboreal adaptation of primates and include specific anatomical characteristics.
Q:
Catarrhines' nostrils are:
a. far apart and face sideways.
b. close together and face downward.
c. large due to their heightened sense of smell.
d. wide and include a large nasal sinus.
Q:
Supernatural beings with humanlike qualities are said to be:
a. anthropocentric
b. hominoid
c. heliocentric
d. anthropomorphic
Q:
Female demons are termed:
a. incubi
b. orisha
c. succubae
d. zairan
Q:
Brachiation refers to:
a. using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb.
b. quadrupedal locomotion including the use of a tail.
c. clinging and leaping locomotion in an arboreal environment.
d. bipedality in nonhumans.
Q:
In Hofriyat, zar possession functions to do all of the following except:
a. explain failure
b. provide an opportunity for social activity
c. enable the zar to communicate with the community
d. to provide supernatural power to be used in the attainment of wealth
Q:
Primates are characterized by:
a. forward-facing eyes, varied diet, and nonviolent behavior.
b. arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and male dominance.
c. docility, toolmaking, and parental investment.
d. arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.
Q:
Possession by jinn in Hofriyat usually involves:
a. women of childbearing age
b. politically prominent men
c. village priests
d. elder men and women
Q:
A strepsirhine has a:
a. wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs.
b. snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs.
c. wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw.
d. tooth comb, a grooming claw, and ischial callosities.
Q:
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:
a. the uses of anatomical and genetic evidence.
b. morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
c. alternative forms of classification.
d. levels of anatomical complexity.
Q:
The Genii of the Aladdin story is a:
a. zombie
b. sorcerer
c. god
d. jinn
Q:
Phylogeny refers to:
a. evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.
b. the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity.
c. primates' ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk.
d. a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees.
Q:
In the Qur"an jinn are conscious beings made of:
a. clay
b. bread
c. fire without smoke
d. light
Q:
In Native American cultures it is common for an individual to enter an altered state of consciousness and receive a gift of supernatural power. Seeking to do this is known as a:
a. vision quest
b. soul search
c. spiritual boon
d. guardian gift
Q:
Among all primates humans have the:
a. largest olfactory bulb.
b. greatest sense of hearing.
c. most developed vision.
d. most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.
Q:
The cladistic primate classification includes:
a. anthropods and haplorhines.
b. hominoids and chordata.
c. strepsirhines and haplorhines.
d. pongidae and omomyidae.
Q:
Example of Dani spirits are:
a. ghosts
b. personal and clan guardian spirits
c. forest and swamp spirits
d. all of the above
Q:
The cladistic approach to primate classification is:
a. based on the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral relationships.
b. based on direct observation of phenotypes only.
c. also called the gradistic method of classification.
d. based on levels of anatomical complexity, without consideration of ancestor-descendent relationships.
Q:
Among all primates, humans have the:
a. largest body relative to other animals.
b. greatest level of biological adaptability.
c. largest body size.
d. largest brain relative to body size.
Q:
Among the Dani spirits can be classified on the basis of all of the following except whether they are:
a. close or remote
b. male or female
c. beneficent or malevolent
d. spirit or non-spirit life form
Q:
Generally speaking, all of the following are true about spirits except:
a. they are most often seen as classes of supernatural beings
b. they tend to be associated with specific locations
c. they provide protection and success, but also are blamed for minor mishaps
d. they are responsible for some powerful aspect of nature
Q:
Primates have long growth and development periods because:
a. they are like other mammals in taking a long time to develop to sexual maturity.
b. on average they are smaller bodied than most other mammals.
c. they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
d. the areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.
Q:
Preadaptation is:
a. the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used.
b. the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.
c. an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected.
d. a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.
Q:
Generally speaking, all of the following are true about gods except:
a. they are individualized supernatural entities
b. they are anthropomorphic entities
c. they are human in origin
d. they are associated with a community or a segment of a community
Q:
The Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos) in Mexico was a time when ghosts and evil spirits returned to take revenge on the living.
Q:
Strepsirhines have a special lower incisor called a:
a. bilophodont.
b. two-ridge tooth.
c. diastema.
d. tooth comb.
Q:
The routine embalming of bodies developed during the Civil War.
Q:
Old World monkeys have:
a. Y-5 molars.
b. two sets of molars.
c. bilophodont molars.
d. one-inch molars.
Q:
Examples of endocannibalistic anthropophagers are the Yanomam and the Fore.
Q:
The term ethnocannibalistic anthropophagers refers to societies who eat the bodies of one's own group.
Q:
The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark (1895"1971) identified three prominent tendencies. They are:
a. the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.
b. increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.
c. arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
d. the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.
Q:
A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is:
a. the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b. a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
c. the Y-5 cusp pattern.
d. a canine that shows wear on the tip.
Q:
African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are:
a. among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources.
b. a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
c. not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos.
d. among the most endangered animal species due to disease.
Q:
The African Burial Ground is a Yoruba cemetery located in what is today Nigeria.
Q:
Supernatural figures such as vampires and zombies reflect our contemporary fears and anxieties.
Q:
Dietary plasticity in primates refers to:
a. eating a wide variety of foods.
b. lack of diversity of diets over time.
c. diets composed of a variety of red meats.
d. diets composed of a variety of fruits.
Q:
The increased brain size observed in the order Primates:
a. results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.
b. results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
c. demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Vampires and zombies as depicted in American movies are very similar to actual ethnographic examples.
Q:
Among the Dani a major function of a funeral is to appease the ghost.
Q:
Relative to body size, primate brain size is:
a. proportional to human brain size.
b. more or less the same in large and small primates.
c. smaller than in other large mammals.
d. larger among great apes than among other primates.
Q:
The distinction between a soul and a ghost is not always a clear one.
Q:
The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:
a. colobus monkeys.
b. chimpanzees.
c. lemurs.
d. howler monkeys.
Q:
The Tana Toraja separate biological and social death in that social death occurs some time after biological death.
Q:
The rhinarium is present in:
a. baboons.
b. gorillas.
c. ring-tail lemurs.
d. howler monkeys.
Q:
The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism state that life is imperfect and inevitable involves suffering.
Q:
The typical catarrhine dental formula is:
a. 1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
b. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
c. 2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
d. 3 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Q:
Reincarnation means that souls are reborn as animals.
Q:
The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs is:
a. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
b. 1 / 1 / 3 / 3.
c. 2 / 1 / 3 / 2.
d. 2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Q:
In Roman Catholicism, souls travel to one of two places: Heaven or Hell.
Q:
A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull belongs to:
a. an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
b. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
c. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
d. none of the above (this trait is observed only in prosimians).
Q:
While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to grasp branches while moving throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely a(n):
a. Old World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
b. lesser ape, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
c. New World monkey, because these are the only monkeys that live in trees.
d. New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
Q:
The Hmong believe that at death the soul travels to the place where its placenta (afterbirth) has been buried and puts it on like an article of clothing.
Q:
Among the Yup"ik the souls of the seal moves to the bladder. The bladders of all of the seals killed during the year are inflated and returned to the sea in an annual festival.
Q:
The majority of Americans believe there is a Heaven.
Q:
In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jawbone) of a species of primate. While looking at the teeth you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar. In your lab book you note that this:
a. is likely the lower jaw of a human, due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b. may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
c. is likely the lower jaw of a human, given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
d. may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
Q:
In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain. The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe. This suggests to you that this:
a. primate exhibits a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell, since this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
b. is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.
c. primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
d. species is nocturnal.