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Anthropology
Q:
Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and southern parts of the continent. Why is this?
a. More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.
b. Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life.
c. These areas provided better preservation.
d. Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell.
Q:
Which of the following is true about Navaho witchcraft?
a. Navaho witches are born with witchcraft substance within their bodies
b. witchcraft is a common factor in Navaho life that is freely talked about
c. witchcraft is learned from a close relative and requires initiation
d. witches participate in healing rituals
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an ideal environment for fossilization?
a. mud
b. acidic soil (as in a jungle)
c. sand
d. rock
Q:
Witchcraft among the Azande functions to:
a. cause seriously disruptive suspicions and accusations between individuals
b. reinforce and sanction accepted morality
c. provide a means of curbing the power of the ruling class
d. none of the above
Q:
Witchcraft beliefs among the Azande:
a. provides an explanation for unfortunate events
b. provides stereotyped behavioral patterns in crisis situations
c. eliminates deviant behavior from the society
d. all of the above
Q:
Taphonomy is the study of:
a. human cultural remains.
b. human genetics.
c. the processes that affect an organism's remains after death.
d. the processes that affect a living organism through life.
Q:
Crucial to creating a fossil record of a species is:
a. a living form of the fossil species.
b. a good representation in the fossil record.
c. the preservation of soft tissue such as muscle.
d. the lack of dating; knowing the age of the fossil introduces biases.
Q:
Which of the following event occurred in the case of the Zande co-wives?
a. The younger wife was identified as the witch by an ordeal.
b. The younger wife was beaten until she confesse
d.
c. The younger wife cooled her witchcraft by spitting water.
d. The husband was forced to divorce his younger wife because of witchcraft.
Q:
The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:
a. archaeology.
b. cryptozoology.
c. forensic biology.
d. taphonomy.
Q:
Which of the following is true about benge, the poison oracle?
a. poison may be given directly to the accused witch
b. poison is given to young pigs who either die or survive
c. sticks are dipped in poison and then placed in termite mounds
d. the poison is seldom strong enough to actually kill an animal
Q:
The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was:
a. William Smith.
b. Charles Lyell.
c. Alfred Wallace.
d. Richard Owen.
Q:
Which of the following is an oracle used by the Azande to discover the identity of witches?
a. the rubbing board oracle
b. spirit possession by a medium
c. throwing of shells on a mat and reading the pattern formed
d. studying the internal organs of a sacrificed chicken
Q:
A case of witchcraft among the Azande is confirmed by the:
a. prince
b. shaman
c. poison oracle
d. priest
Q:
The study of fossils is called:
a. phylogeny.
b. biology.
c. chronometry.
d. paleontology.
Q:
Among the Azande, people accused of being witches are usually people who:
a. are unknown enemies living in nearby villages
b. have been initiated as witches by joining a witching society
c. are known to the victims with whom there have particular social relationships
d. hold high office, such as chief
Q:
Describe some examples of learned behavior and cultural traditions among primates.
Q:
Which of the following is true about Zande witchcraft beliefs?
a. witches normally depend upon magic rituals to attain their evil ends
b. witchcraft is a substance found within the body of the witch
c. some witches can use their power for beneficial ends
d. all of the above
Q:
What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the evolution of human language?
Q:
All of the following are true about mangu, the cause of witchcraft among the Azande, except:
a. it is a physical substance found within the body of a witch
b. it can be manipulated by shamans in healing rituals
c. it can be seen when autopsies are performed
d. it is inherited from the parent of the same sex
Q:
Why are primates social?
Q:
The study of witchcraft among the Azande of southern Sudan was conducted in the 1920s by:
a. Bronislaw Malinowski
b. Edward Tylor
c. James Frazer
d. E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Q:
Describe the range of primate residence patterns. Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.
Q:
Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and competition.
Q:
Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?
a. predation
b. niche competition
c. adaptive radiation
d. habitat
Q:
The term witchcraft has several meanings. Which of the following is not an example of witchcraft?
a. a sorcerer using evil magic to kill a member of his or her own community
b. a 17th century heretic being executed by the church for hearsay
c. a person accused of willing death in another person
d. all of the above are examples of witchcraft
Q:
One of the universal characteristics of witchcraft is that:
a. witches are always female
b. witches achieve their evil ends through magical techniques
c. witches achieve their evil power through a pact or relationship with a supernatural power
d. none of the above
Q:
Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual. Which of the following reasons does NOT explain why it exists in primate societies?
a. Altruistic behavior is not directed randomly but toward related individuals.
b. Altruistic behavior is an example of kin selection.
c. Altruistic behavior is likely to be observed in groups where there is high genetic relatedness among individuals.
d. Altruistic behavior is the random effect of living in a complex social species.
Q:
In small-scale societies witches differ from sorcerers in that witches kill by:
a. using contagious magic
b. using poisons and other lethal devices
c. willing death to occur
d. creating dolls in the image of the victim
Q:
The higher the social rank of a female primate the:
a. lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring.
b. lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring.
c. greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates.
d. greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.
Q:
Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the following social strategies EXCEPT:
a. infanticide.
b. vocalizing through loud territorial calls.
c. fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multifemale group
d. forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
Q:
Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:
a. reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.
b. reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.
c. primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.
d. males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring.
Q:
Atheism as a label one would use to describe one's own belief in the non-existance of God began in the sixteenth century.
Q:
Polyandrous residence patterns represent:
a. a social grouping that includes multiple adult males and females.
b. one of the most common patterns in prosimians and Old World monkeys.
c. a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities.
d. a social grouping that includes one male and multiple females.
Q:
The way in which God is portrayed changes over time in the Tanakh.
Q:
All-male groups of nonhuman primates:
a. are often polyandrous, before females join other existing groups.
b. often exist together with multimale, multifemale groups.
c. become permanent groups with rigid ranking systems.
d. do not exist in the wild.
Q:
From at etic perspective, Mary can be classified as a goddess in the Roman Catholic Religion.
Q:
Which of the following is a rare primate residence pattern found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?
a. one-male, multifemale
b. one-female, multimale
c. multimale, multifemale
d. solitary
Q:
The Hindu goddess Kali is often pictured as dark skinned and naked, standing on a corpse dripping with blood.
Q:
A male and female gibbon that are similar in size likely demonstrate the lack of sexual dimorphism:
a. due to the polygamous social structure in gibbons.
b. as the result of unequal access to resources within their environment.
c. due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure.
d. which is not related to social structure in gibbons.
Q:
Ishtar was an Egyptian goddess who is the mother of the god Horus.
Q:
The greatest number of gods ever recorded in a single society was found among Yoruba.
Q:
A study by Guy Swanson found that social characteristics of a group was predictive of the number and nature of supernatural beings
Q:
Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which of these species?
a. baboon
b. gibbon
c. orangutan
d. chimpanzee
Q:
How do primates acquire food?
a. through cooperation among kin groups, mostly by hunting
b. through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies
c. through a limited set of highly specialized foraging strategies
d. through the use of highly developed material culture
Q:
Robin Horton suggests that the behavior of the gods provides a model for humans.
Q:
How do primates communicate?
a. through a system of adaptation that varies among social groups
b. through the use of symbols
c. through speech learned from primatologists
d. through vocalizations that serve a range of functions and contexts
Q:
Male reproductive strategies emphasize:
a. competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.
b. avoiding risk-taking behavior.
c. avoiding violence against competitors for female access.
d. engaging in care of young.
Q:
Gods that are remote and uninterested in human affairs are otiose gods.
Q:
Gods are anthropomorphic, that is, they resemble people in their appearance and personality.
Q:
Female reproductive strategies emphasize:
a. bonding with the dominant male monogamously.
b. having one birth per year.
c. having twin births every year.
d. caring for young and ensuring access to food.
Q:
Much of the popular Christian beliefs about angels comes not from the Bible, but from other Church writings.
Q:
What is special about primate societies and social behavior?
a. They are not diverse.
b. They welcome newcomers as humans do.
c. They are highly diverse.
d. They share and cooperate as humans do not.
Q:
In the village of Hofriyat, anxiety in women surrounding marriage and children is mediated by possession by incubi and succubae.
Q:
Why are primates social in the short term?
a. to increase female fecundity in dominant females only
b. to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females
c. to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators
d. to share food sources
Q:
Vocalization in chimp groups:
a. occurs only to communicate a food source.
b. exists only among those high up in the dominance hierarchy.
c. sounds like howls and growls.
d. is unique to specific groups or regions.
Q:
In order to distance oneself from jinn one is careful to observe the many tabus surrounding blood and childbirth.
Q:
Why are primates social in the long term?
a. to reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance reproductive success
b. to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society
c. to emphasize care of the young
d. to develop support for females to increase fecundity
Q:
The attainment of a guardian spirit and supernatural power among the Ojibwa and Shoshoni is accomplished through the vision quest.
Q:
Vocalizations enable primates to:
a. communicate as humans do.
b. solve distressing situations among primate groups.
c. name resources and monitor the social group.
d. communicate, but only between members of the same hierarchy.
Q:
Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as:
a. screams, gnashing, and hissing.
b. grunts, pants, and hoots.
c. howling, hoots, and high-pitched screams.
d. pants, coos, and gurgles.
Q:
The division of Dani spirits into categories represents a fundamental classification scheme found in their religion and well-known by the elders.
Q:
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
a. the type of predator and the predator's attack strategy.
b. conditioning in the lab by primatologists.
c. emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
d. individual factors, as in humans.
Q:
One can ask spirits for assistance and protection since they live in the human world and interact with humans.
Q:
Variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest includes:
a. stress calls between kin only.
b. mating calls between dominant primates only.
c. two different alarm calls indicating another group of chimpanzees or humans.
d. two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial.
Q:
An agnostic is one who:
a. is polytheistic
b. believes that the existence of a god in unprovable
c. believes that there is no god
d. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following statements about Islam is false?:
a. Islam accepts Jesus and Moses as prophets of Go
d.
b. The prophet Mohammad was visited by an angel who gave him the command to recite.
c. Muslims have a duty to create a society that is just and equitable.
d. The God of Islam is more personal and approachable than the God of Judaism.
Q:
The doctrine in Christianity that Jesus had been God in human form:
a. is spelled out in the New Testament
b. is not in the Bible, but is found in other writings of the apostles
c. was established in the fourth century C.E.
d. was established during the Protestant Reformation
Q:
The study of primate vocal communication:
a. has been used to understand the language evolution of all primates.
b. has resulted in chimps and gorillas demonstrating an ability to speak.
c. can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language.
d. demonstrates that gossip is not exclusively human.
Q:
Early Judaism:
a. shared many of the same religious beliefs as other religions of the time
b. may have implicitly accepted the existence of other gods
c. used many different names for God
d. all of the above
Q:
Availability of food:
a. is dependent upon kin selection.
b. can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall.
c. is determined primarily by the alpha male.
d. is restricted to individuals high up in the dominance hierarchy.
Q:
Distribution, in reference to food, means the:
a. location of food across the landscape.
b. distribution of primates in a primate group as they forage for food.
c. distribution of food among primates in a group.
d. adjustment in size of a feeding group.
Q:
Quality, in reference to food, refers to the:
a. location of food sources.
b. ability to acquire food.
c. storage of food for future consumption.
d. amount of energy and protein a food provides.
Q:
An all-knowing deity is one who is:
a. omniscient
b. omnipotent
c. otiose
d. monotheistic
Q:
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding are:
a. speed, agility, and strength.
b. source, quantity, and safety.
c. quality, distribution, and availability of food.
d. cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
Q:
The importance of Mary for Roman Catholicism is evident in:
a. the celebration of her birth and death
b. the many shrines and pilgrimage sites associated with her
c. worshippers directly addressing her for protection
d. all of the above
Q:
Kin selection refers to:
a. nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group.
b. altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness.
c. altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin.
d. behavior that increases only the donor's fitness.
Q:
Kali is a(n):
a. agricultural and fertility deity
b. war goddess and destroyer of demons
c. destroyer of ignorance and bringer of knowledge
d. goddess of love and marriage
Q:
Altruistic behavior:
a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
b. occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
c. is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
d. is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
Q:
An important goddess found in Hinduism is:
a. Isis
b. Kali
c. Ishtar
d. all of the above
Q:
The embodiment of a god in human form is known as a(n):
a. incarnation
b. manifestation
c. avatar
d. materialization