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Anthropology
Q:
Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include:
a. an increased ability to see greater distances.
b. running faster.
c. ease of transporting food.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Thick dental enamel in _______ helps with crushing food.
a. apes
b. australopithecines
c. humans
d. eosimians
Q:
Humans use their molars for:
a. biting.
b. crushing.
c. shearing.
d. mashing.
Q:
Hominins have canines that are:
a. small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema.
b. large and pointed, with a diastema.
c. projecting, with a diastema.
d. part of a honing complex.
Q:
Which of the following is an adaptive characteristic of bipedalism?
a. opposable thumb
b. nails instead of claws
c. convergent eyes
d. longitudinal arch in the foot
Q:
The foundational behavior of hominins was:
a. hunting.
b. tool use.
c. bipedalism.
d. speech.
Q:
A hominin is defined as having the following two obligate behaviors:
a. speech and advanced cognition.
b. bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex.
c. bipedal locomotion and speech.
d. nonhoning chewing complex and advanced cognition.
Q:
Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture:
a. do not define a hominin.
b. define a hominin.
c. define a higher primate.
d. did not evolve through the primate lineage.
Q:
Discuss the selective pressures operating in the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene that favored an adaptive radiation of monkeys and contributed to decreased diversity among apes.
Q:
Discuss the evolution of primates beginning with the Paleocene proprimates. In your answer, consider the effect of climate change on the environment and primates' environmental adaptations.
Q:
Name and briefly describe the three hypotheses of primate origins.
Q:
Why is the Fayum depression in Egypt such an important site for understanding the origin and diversification of anthropoid primates?
Q:
The shift from the Miocene, which had greater diversity of ape species and fewer monkey species, to a living assemblage with greater diversity of monkey species and fewer ape species may be the result of:
a. global climate changes that resulted in cooler, wetter environments less optimal for ape species.
b. differences in ability to exploit the habitats that resulted after a change in global climate.
c. cooler climates, where it is more difficult to preserve larger ape fossils.
d. declines in ape diversity, caused by competition from hominin species.
Q:
The most likely contender for the common ancestor of all later catarrhines is:
a. Oligopithecus.
b. Aegyptopithecus.
c. Parapithecus.
d. Apidium.
Q:
Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species?
a. long legs
b. pointy teeth
c. large eye orbits
d. short fingers and toes
Q:
The space between the canine and the first premolar in the lower jaw of some primates is a(n):
a. retrocanine space.
b. alveolus.
c. mandibular gap.
d. diastema.
Q:
Which fossil group is characterized by an eye orbit fully enclosed by bone?
a. adapids
b. plesiadapiforms
c. anthropoids
d. omomyids
Q:
Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around:
a. 5 mya.
b. 10 mya.
c. 15 mya.
d. 25 mya.
Q:
Which of the following apes has been proposed as the last common ancestor of living African apes and humans?
a. Ouranopithecus
b. Sivapithecus
c. Dryopithecus
d. Gigantopithecus
Q:
The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, is:
a. a 2-1-2-3 dental formula.
b. a long canine tooth in males.
c. a Y-5 molar pattern.
d. bilophodont molars.
Q:
Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of:
a. a meteor impact.
b. a disease pandemic.
c. climate change.
d. early humans hunting them for food.
Q:
During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?
a. prosimians
b. monkeys
c. apes
d. humans
Q:
Many revitalization movements developed within Christianity in the United States in the early nineteenth century. An example of such a movement which developed into a mainstream religion is the:
a. Methodist Church
b. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
c. Amish
d. Vodou
Q:
Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?
a. gorilla
b. orangutan
c. chimpanzee
d. gibbon
Q:
The Massacre at Wounded Knee was associated with the:
a. John Frum Cult
b. Vailala Madness
c. Ghost Dance
d. Santeria
Q:
If you are examining the fossil remains of the genus Dryopithecus, they are most likely from where?
a. India
b. Bolivia
c. France
d. China
Q:
The Ghost Dance of 1890:
a. was begun by a Paiute prophet Wovoka
b. promised the return of the ancestors and the disappearance of the dominant society
c. is an example of a nativistic movement
d. all of the above
Q:
John Frum is:
a. revered as a god in Vanuatu
b. the anthropologist who first studied the Trobriand Islanders
c. the founder of a high demand UFO religion
d. the leader of the tribal association in the Amazon
Q:
The northern African fossil primate called Biretia may be an early anthropoid, based on the morphology of its:
a. ankle.
b. skull.
c. lower premolar tooth.
d. pelvis.
Q:
The calcaneus (heel bone) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitive:
a. primate.
b. anthropoid.
c. New World monkey.
d. ape.
Q:
A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world, resulting in the:
a. adaptive radiation of Euprimates.
b. development of Dryopithecus.
c. spread of Sivapithecus.
d. extinction of many primate species.
Q:
Peoples of New Guinea involved with cargo cults imitated the behavior of Europeans (such as writing on paper and sitting on chairs) because they:
a. felt these were the rituals which made cargo available to the Europeans
b. hoped to impress European officials and in turn receive more cargo
c. wanted to be good Christians
d. wanted to make proper use of their newly obtained wealth
Q:
Which Eocene organisms had clear primate characteristics like a postorbital bar, opposable thumbs, nails, and a large brain?
a. proprimates and euprimates
b. adapids and omomyids
c. basal anthropoids
d. plesiadapiforms
Q:
The similarity of the foot bones between _______ and the living anthropoids makes it the likely first true primate.
a. Proconsul
b. Micropithecus
c. Dryopithecus
d. Eosimias
Q:
An example of a nativistic movement is:
a. the Branch Davidians
b. Santeria
c. the Vailala Madness
d. Wicca
Q:
A species that is adapted to a wide range of environments, climates, and diets is:
a. highly specialized.
b. likely undergoing further evolution.
c. biologically diverse.
d. likely to go extinct.
Q:
The Celtic revival in Ireland is an example of a:
a. revivalistic movement
b. millenarian movement
c. nativistic movement
d. messianic movement
Q:
Revitalization movements may be brought about by:
a. political and economic marginalization
b. malnutrition and high level of epidemic disease
c. perception that values of the community are being threatened
d. all of the above
Q:
Which of the following species of early primates had the most biological diversity?
a. Eosimias
b. Proconsul
c. Dryopithecus
d. Oreopithecus
Q:
Many religions similar to Vodou developed in the New Worl
d. In Cuba the deities are called orisha and are know by their Yoruba names. This religion is known as:
a. Wicca
b. Santeria
c. Huichol
d. Rastafarian
Q:
Apes first appear in Europe and Asia from about:
a. 17 mya.
b. 6 mya.
c. 10 mya.
d. 12 mya.
Q:
A deliberate attempt to bring about change in a culture characterizes:
a. rites of passage
b. revitalization movements
c. rites of intensification
d. Neo-Pagan movements
Q:
Like that of Dryopithecus, a modern gorilla mandible has:
a. sharp, high crests on the teeth.
b. large canines and no diastema.
c. a Y-5 molar pattern and Sinodonty.
d. a Y-5 molar pattern; low, rounded cusps; large canines; and a diastema.
Q:
Which of the following is true about Vodou deities?
a. God is a remote creator deity who is no longer directly involved with the everyday lives of the people
b. Catholic Saints are seen as manifestations of Vodou deities
c. during rituals deities will possess worshippers
d. all of the above
Q:
A difference between Miocene apes and modern apes is the:
a. length of the tail.
b. breadth of the ribcage.
c. size of the hands.
d. morphology of the foot.
Q:
Monkeys underwent massive _______ in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.
a. extinction
b. adaptive radiation
c. migration
d. diversification
Q:
Vodou resembles in many ways traditional West African religions in that Vodou is characterized by:
a. pantheon of intermediary deities
b. spirit possession
c. offerings placed on altars
d. all of the above
Q:
The evolution of apes began in Africa and continued in:
a. Europe and Asia.
b. Asia and South America.
c. Europe and South America.
d. Greece and South America.
Q:
In Vodou, the term lwa refers to:
a. places of worship that are sacred to particular spirits
b. animals that are sacrifices to particular spirits
c. spirit beings
d. drums and musical idioms
Q:
Canadian primate paleontologist David Begun proposes that climate changes in Europe prompted late Miocene apes to:
a. migrate to Asia from Europe following food sources.
b. take advantage of lower sea levels to migrate from Europe to South America.
c. spread to Europe from Africa following the expansion of tropical forests.
d. move from Europe back to Africa following food sources.
Q:
Vodou in Haiti grew out of the:
a. the religions of West Africa
b. Catholicism
c. Freemasonry
d. all of the above
Q:
Haitians do not use the term Vodou. Instead they refer to their religion as:
a. "serving the spirits"
b. "Haitian Catholicism"
c. "nature worship"
d. "healing"
Q:
Chororapithecus is considered the:
a. oldest fossil in Africa.
b. ancestor to Gigantopithecus.
c. common ancestor of African apes and hominins.
d. ancestor to Aegyptopithecus.
Q:
Gigantopithecus stood _______ feet tall and weighed _______ pounds.
a. four; 300
b. ten; 660
c. six; 250
d. five; 400
Q:
The survival of culture traits often occurs when they are fused together with new, introduced traits. Thus a contemporary Australian aborigine band will preserve their traditional songs and instruments by creating music that incorporates elements from the dominant culture, such as drums and guitars. This is an example of:
a. diffusion
b. assimilation
c. syncretism
d. revitalization
Q:
Which two genera may be the ancestors to the orangutan?
a. Gigantopithecus and Sivapithecus
b. Gigantopithecus and Khoratpithecus
c. Khoratpithecus and Gigantopithecus
d. Sivapithecus and Khoratpithecus
Q:
The term syncretism refers to:
a. the process whereby a culture accepts culture traits from a dominant culture
b. a condition whereby a dominated culture has changed so much because of outside influences that it ceases to have its own distinct identity
d. a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, permitting the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form
c. what occurs when an idea moves from one culture to another and stimulates the invention of a new trait
Q:
Comparisons of tooth wear in living apes and extinct Miocene apes suggest that some extinct species of apes ate:
a. insects, fruit, and leaves.
b. leaves, grass, and bark.
c. leaves, nuts, and fruits.
d. nuts, fruits, and small animals.
Q:
The best-accepted hypothesis for the dispersal of African monkeys to the New World is that:
a. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated to South America in the Oligocene.
b. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated across the Atlantic to South America.
c. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated south on land to Antarctica, then to Patagonia.
d. Old and New World anthropoids evolved independently from different lineages in Africa and South America, respectively.
Q:
An anthropologist visits a remote tribal community and finds that they are wearing tennis shoes and using canned goods even though much of their original way of life remains intact. We would say that this community has been:
a. acculturated
b. assimilated
c. enculturated
d. missionized
Q:
Two genera of propliopithecids include:
a. Aegyptopithecus and Micropithecus.
b. Propliopithecus and Aegyptopithecus.
c. Micropithecus and Aegyptopithecus.
d. Propliopithecus and Proconsul.
Q:
The movement of culture traits from one culture to another is termed:
a. acculturation
b. diffusion
c. assimilation
d. discovery
Q:
The Fayum desert has yielded fossils of the following three primates:
a. Oligopithecus, Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus.
b. Proconsul, Notharctus, and Adapis.
c. Eosimias, Biretia, and Micropithecus.
d. Proconsul, Eosimias, and Adapis.
Q:
A solution to a particular problem that is found through the application of technology is a(n):
a. discovery
b. creation
c. invention
d. diffusion
Q:
Basal anthropoids are:
a. Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.
b. Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.
c. Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates.
d. Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.
Q:
A shaman finds a new kind of bush whose leaves, made into a tea, soothes a stomach ache. This is an example of:
a. diffusion
b. syncretism
c. a discovery
d. an invention
Q:
Which genus is considered the ancestor to adapids and omomyids?
a. Notharctus
b. Proconsul
c. Carpolestes
d. Eosimias
Q:
Fundamentalism is found in a number of different religions, including Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
Q:
Euprimates represent the first true:
a. anthropoids.
b. primates.
c. mammals.
d. catarrhini.
Q:
Traditioning is the idea that Biblical texts are relevant to life today.
Q:
Plesiadapiforms are also called:
a. proprimates.
b. dryopithecids.
c. proconsulids.
d. adapids.
Q:
UFO religions, such as the Unification Church and the Branch Davidians, describe extraterrestrial beings in much the same way that supernatural beings are described in more traditional religions.
Q:
Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were:
a. adapids.
b. proconsulids.
c. dryopithecids.
d. plesiadapiforms.
Q:
The Branch Davidians were more of a political than a religious group.
Q:
The angiosperm radiation hypothesis proposes that:
a. primates' unique traits are an adaptation to living in trees.
b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects.
c. certain primate traits were responses to the acquisition of fruit during the Cenozoic.
d. primates could see predators in advance.
Q:
Wicca has been described as a polytheistic religion.
Q:
The visual predation hypothesis proposes that:
a. better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects.
b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals.
c. species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.
d. predators had the ability to see primates better.
Q:
The arboreal hypothesis proposes that defining primate characteristics were adaptations to life in the trees, such as:
a. grasping hands and feet, developed vision, and greater intelligence.
b. grasping hands, tails, and intelligence.
c. developed vision, greater sense of smell, and tails.
d. developed vision, greater sense of smell, and grasping hands and feet.
Q:
The Witchcraze was a Neo-Pagan movement in 19th century Europe that attempted to rehabilitate healers and midwives.
Q:
Differentiate between absolute and relative dating techniques, giving one example of each.