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Anthropology
Q:
Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectus are likely related to:
a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
b. the natural continuation of previous trends documented in hominid fossils, similar to great brain size.
c. the global climate, as these trends are characteristic of an increasingly forested environment
d. none of the above
Q:
What are the differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?
a. Homo habilis shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
b. Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
c. Homo habilis generally has a greater brain capacity than Homo erectus.
d. Homo erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than Homo habilis.
Q:
The controlled use of fire by hominids:
a. decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.
b. has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.
c. limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.
d. contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.
Q:
The first hominid to migrate beyond Africa was:
a. Australopithecus.
b. Homo habilis.
c. Homo erectus.
d. Homo neanderthalensis.
Q:
Homo erectus's cranial capacity:
a. is always less than 1,000 cc.
b. is always more than 800 cc.
c. ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc.
d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.
Q:
Homo erectus skull morphology includes:
a. a long, low, wide base.
b. thick bones.
c. large browridges.
d. a long, low, wide base; thick bones; and large browridges.
Q:
Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools:
a. had a narrower range of functions.
b. used fewer raw materials.
c. were characterized by fewer tool types.
d. required more learning and skill to produce.
Q:
The Acheulean complex:
a. emerged around 2.5 mya.
b. is used to describe simple pebble tools.
c. emerged around 1.5 mya.
d. is characteristic of Homo habilis.
Q:
Which species became increasingly specialized to foods requiring heavy chewing?
a. Homo sapiens
b. Homo habilis
c. Homo erectus
d. Australopithecus
Q:
Fossil evidence of cutmarks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that:
a. meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.
b. big game hunting was the most common way early hominids obtained meat.
c. meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
d. none of the above
Q:
Compared to earlier hominids the increased body size in Homo erectus is likely due to:
a. stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.
b. increased protein in the diet.
c. larger teeth that permitted better food processing.
d. none of the above
Q:
Based on height calculations of Homo erectus fossils, physical anthropologists estimate that their average height was:
a. more than 70% taller than Homo habilis.
b. similar to that of australopithecines.
c. tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three.
d. three feet.
Q:
Gran Dolina adult hominids were similar to later Homo sapiens in their:
a. ability to produce art.
b. large cranial capacity.
c. wide nasal apertures.
d. none of the above
Q:
The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there:
a. processed and consumed animals including other hominids.
b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus.
c. were similar to later Homo sapiens.
d. none of the above
Q:
The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectus in Western Europe dates to about:
a. 1.7 mya.
b. 1.2 mya.
c. 500,000 yBP.
d. 800,000 yBP.
Q:
Homo erectus differed from earlier hominids in having traits such as:
a. a smaller brain.
b. larger teeth.
c. a bigger sagittal keel.
d. a larger brain.
Q:
What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body and brain size among Homo erectus?
a. an influx of genes for increased height
b. greater access to protein and improved nutrition
c. reaching for fruits higher in the trees, which increased their height over time
d. the evolution of bipedalism
Q:
African Homo erectus cranial features include:
a. thick cranial bones.
b. small browridges.
c. a rounded skull.
d. a sagittal crest.
Q:
The Dmanisi B fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to:
a. 1.0 mya.
b. 800,000 yBP.
c. 1.7 mya.
d. 2.5 mya.
Q:
The Homo erectus fossil from Sangiran, Java, dates to:
a. 800,000 yBP.
b. 1.2"1.0 mya.
c. 1.8"1.6 mya.
d. 2.2"2.0 mya.
Q:
The Nariokotome Boy discovered at Lake Turkana (Homo erectus) has modern human traits such as:
a. shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
b. retention of an australopithecine-like body plan.
c. longer legs than later hominids.
d. a mix of arboreal and bipedal adaptations.
Q:
A central theme of human evolution is a(n):
a. increasing adaptive flexibility.
b. decreasing cranial capacity.
c. decreasing body size.
d. more robust jaw.
Q:
Homo erectus fossils date to:
a. 3"1 mya.
b. 2.5"0.5 mya.
c. 1.8"300,000 mya.
d. 1.2"800,000 mya.
Q:
The discoverer of Homo erectus was:
a. Louis Leakey.
b. Richard Leakey.
c. Eugne Dubois.
d. Ernst Haeckel.
Q:
Southern and eastern African sites dating to 2.5 mya show habitats indicating:
a. the spread of C3 plants.
b. reduction both in habitat types and in dietary diversity.
c. a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers.
d. none of the above
Q:
Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by:
a. dietary shift.
b. tool use for obtaining and processing food.
c. big-game hunting.
d. the use of marine resources.
Q:
Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grip needed to make and use stone tools was present:
a. only in Homo erectus.
b. only in Homo habilis.
c. in Homo habilis and some australopithecines.
d. in all australopithecine and Homo species.
Q:
Homo habilis had traits that include:
a. long, modern legs.
b. short legs.
c. a striding gait.
d. quadrupedalism.
Q:
Compared to australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized by a:
a. smaller face.
b. bigger brain.
c. rounder and larger skull.
d. all of the above
Q:
The first evidence of modern human traits, including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture, shows up in:
a. Homo erectus.
b. Homo sapiens.
c. Homo neanderthalensis.
d. Homo habilis.
Q:
The earliest members of the genus Homo have been found dating from:
a. 0.5 mya"present.
b. 2.5"1.0 mya.
c. 4.0"3.0 mya.
d. none of the above
Q:
Homo rudolfensis is morphologically most similar to:
a. Homo erectus.
b. Homo sapiens.
c. Homo habilis.
d. Australopithecus robustus.
Q:
Eugne Dubois was one of the first researchers in the nineteenth century who used the scientific method to test the hypothesis of early human ancestors in Asia with:
a. fossil evidence.
b. comparative anatomy.
c. genetics.
d. archaeological remains.
Q:
The earliest fossil evidence for Homo erectus in Western Europe dates from:
a. 1.6 mya, from Sima de los Heusos.
b. 0.3 mya, from France.
c. 1.6 mya, from Dmanisi, Georgia.
d. 1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.
Q:
Some Homo erectus specimens had very large and robust bones while others were:
a. small with robust bones.
b. tall with robust bones.
c. gracile.
d. small with thin bones.
Q:
Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, with traits like:
a. long legs and opposable toes.
b. double arches and an adducted big toe.
c. long arms.
d. a foramen magnum at the back of the skull.
Q:
Modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:
a. relatively short arms and long legs.
b. brain size within the modern human variation.
c. relatively long arms and short legs.
d. a large nose with an improved sense of smell.
Q:
Stone tools are more commonly found on archaeological sites thought to be associated with:
a. Homo rudolfensis.
b. Paranthropus.
c. Australopithecus.
d. Homo habilis.
Q:
Which two fossil species lived at the same time around 2.5"1 mya?
a. Australopithecus and Homo sapiens
b. Homo erectus and Homo rudolfensis
c. Homo habilis and Homo erectus
d. Pithecathropus and Homo rudolfensis
Q:
The original name for Homo erectus was:
a. Australopithecus.
b. Pithecanthropus.
c. Paranthropus.
d. Homo rudolfensis.
Q:
The discoverer of Pithecanthropus erectus was:
a. Eugene Dubois.
b. Time White.
c. Behane Asfaw.
d. Yohannes Haile-Selassie.
Q:
Discuss the Ardipithecus ramidus fossil and its implications for understanding human evolution.
Q:
Discuss the anatomical changes that occurred in the bipedal hominin and how they reflect certain habitat adaptations, and then discuss the hypotheses that propose why the change occurred.
Q:
Discuss the two obligate traits, including specific anatomical features, that first emerge in the preaustralopithecines to eventually become firmly established in australopithecines.
Q:
You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?
a. a narrow pelvis
b. a posterior position of the foramen magnum
c. an opposable hallux
d. thighbones that angle in toward the knees
Q:
A preaustralopithecine most likely has which of the following characteristics?
a. nonhoning dentition, primitive apelike traits, and increased brain size
b. modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and increased brain size
c. modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and small brain size
d. nonhoning dentition, loss of apelike traits, and small brain size
Q:
The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:
a. 0.5 mya.
b. 1 mya.
c. 2 mya.
d. 4 mya.
Q:
Australopithecus garhi has been proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because it:
a. had a bigger brain than other australopithecines.
b. had smaller molar teeth than other australopithecines.
c. had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.
d. was bipedal.
Q:
In an ape, the space between the upper lateral incisor and the canine that accommodates a large, projecting lower canine is a:
a. dental gap.
b. gingival space.
c. mesial bridge.
d. diastema.
Q:
The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyops was important mainly because:
a. it had a small brain like an ape's.
b. it was discovered in Kenya.
c. it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
d. it probably lived in woodlands.
Q:
Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?
a. femur (thighbone)
b. skull
c. foot
d. pelvis
Q:
Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhi were found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:
a. abundant stone tools.
b. animal bones with cutmarks.
c. evidence for early Homo.
d. fossil footprints.
Q:
The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was humanlike in having a:
a. rounded heel.
b. nondivergent big toe.
c. double arch.
d. all of the above
Q:
The earliest hominins probably lived in which kind of environment?
a. dense tropical forest
b. complex hybrid habitats
c. open savanna grassland
d. arid, high-altitude uplands
Q:
The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is:
a. Orrorin tugenensis.
b. Ardipithecus kadabba.
c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
Q:
The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominin fossils have been recovered (often referred to as the "cradle of humankind") is:
a. Lake Turkana.
b. Olduvai Gorge.
c. Swartkrans.
d. Hadar.
Q:
The adaptive radiation of the australopithecines after their split from the lineage that led to early Homo seems to have focused on:
a. bipedalism.
b. mastication.
c. brain size increase.
d. body size increase.
Q:
Australopithecus garhi may be the ancestor of:
a. Homo habilis.
b. Australopithecus afarensis.
c. Orrorin tugenensis.
d. Homo sapiens.
Q:
The diversity of the hominins included increasingly specialized:
a. locomotion.
b. social patterns.
c. body sizes.
d. diets.
Q:
Australopithecus robustus's large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation to:
a. eating hard food with sand in it.
b. eating a great deal of red meat.
c. eating foods requiring heavy chewing.
d. gnawing on bones.
Q:
Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had:
a. a big brain, big teeth, and a big face.
b. large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest.
c. a large body, large teeth, and a sagittal crest.
d. a big face, large teeth, and a large body.
Q:
Robust australopithecines were extinct by:
a. 1 mya.
b. 3 mya.
c. 4 mya.
d. Their lineage continued.
Q:
Along with other distinct traits, robust australopithecines had large _______ adapted for grinding food.
a. premolars and molars
b. temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest
c. front teeth and small back teeth
d. both a. and b.
Q:
Distinctive traits of robust australopithecines include:
a. small front teeth and large back teeth.
b. a small brain and a large body.
c. a big face and a sagittal crest.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
In East Africa robust australopithecines are also called:
a. Orrorin.
b. Sahelanthropus.
c. Gigantopithecus.
d. Paranthropus.
Q:
The Oldowan Complex includes tools like:
a. hand axes, flakes, and cores.
b. cobbles, flakes, and side scrapers.
c. choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools.
d. choppers, hand axes, and side scrapers.
Q:
The Oldowan Complex is a part of the:
a. Upper Paleolithic.
b. Lower Paleolithic.
c. Eocene.
d. Solutrean.
Q:
Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that:
a. included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis.
b. gave rise to the genus Ardipithecus.
c. was an evolution of other australopithecine lineages.
d. ended with Au. africanus.
Q:
Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in East Africa:
a. one was a quadruped and the other a leaper.
b. one was a clinger and the other a climber.
c. one was a knuckle walker and the other a quadruped.
d. one was a climber and the other a biped.
Q:
Ecological evidence from the site where Ardi was found shows that early hominins:
a. lived in a lush jungle.
b. lived in a savanna.
c. lived in a forest.
d. migrated out of the area due to drought.
Q:
Ardi's intermediate form of bipedality included the use of:
a. longer hind limbs for clinging and leaping.
b. palms and feet to move along tree branches.
c. long phalanges to wrap around tree branches.
d. a tail.
Q:
Ardi was adapted to life in trees and:
a. on the ground.
b. in the desert.
c. near water.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Based on the morphology of the hand phalanx, Orrorin tugenensis lived in a:
a. dry savanna.
b. woodland environment.
c. jungle environment.
d. forest environment.
Q:
Based on the research of Philip Reno, early hominins show reduced sexual dimorphism, which is evidence for cooperation and likely for:
a. monogamy.
b. multifamily grouping.
c. pair bonding.
d. multimale grouping.
Q:
Owen Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis proposes that:
a. bipedalism meant less body surface to expose to the sun, resulting in a smaller body size.
b. monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism.
c. bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was disappearing.
d. bipedalism arose as a result of a shift to hunting as a primary source of food.
Q:
The patchy forest hypothesis proposes that forests:
a. became patchy and food more dispersed.
b. became lush woodlands.
c. became wet and swamp-like.
d. did not change.
Q:
Which of the following is a derived trait of Sahelanthropus tchandensis?
a. big toe opposability
b. larger body size
c. length of the calcaneus
d. nonhoning chewing complex
Q:
The first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans include:
a. Australopithecus afarensis.
b. Paranthropus.
c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis.
d. Orrorin tugenensis.
Q:
Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to:
a. improved diet.
b. bipedalism.
c. sleeping.
d. becoming larger.
Q:
An increased ability to see greater distances is one of the adaptations to:
a. bipedalism.
b. diurnal sleeping patterns.
c. improved diet.
d. becoming larger.