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Anthropology
Q:
Agricultural foods eventually shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one focused on:
a. carbohydrates.
b. high levels of fat.
c. poorer-quality protein.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
The last 10,000 years is called the:
a. Cenozoic.
b. Quaternary.
c. Solutren.
d. Holocene.
Q:
What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?
a. Violence increased.
b. Violence decreased.
c. Violence stayed about the same.
d. Intercultural violence increased.
Q:
The Neolithic site atalhyk is located in:
a. southwest Asia.
b. southern Africa.
c. central Mexico.
d. India.
Q:
Modern diseases made possible by overcrowding include, but are not limited to:
a. measles, mumps, and cholera.
b. smallpox and influenza.
c. chicken pox.
d. both a. and b.
Q:
The domestication of wheat and barley spread to Greece by:
a. 1,000 yBP.
b. 7,000 yBP.
c. 15,000 yBP.
d. 8,000 yBP.
Q:
Bone comparisons between hunter-gatherers and later agriculturalists, then modern peoples show:
a. an increase in size.
b. greater robusticity of the long arm bones only.
c. a decline in size.
d. a stasis in bone density.
Q:
A(n) _______ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record.
a. paleontologist
b. paleoethnobotanist
c. ethnologist
d. zooarchaeologist
Q:
_______ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet.
a. Heme
b. Nonheme
c. Flat
d. Raw
Q:
A symptom of anemia where spongy bone invades the eye sockets is called:
a. hyperostosis.
b. trabeculitis.
c. orbital arthritis.
d. cribra orbitalia.
Q:
Dental caries in the New World increased at the same time that populations were producing:
a. nuts.
b. corn.
c. seeds.
d. animal protein.
Q:
New World domesticated products include:
a. wheat.
b. rice.
c. cotton.
d. pigs.
Q:
The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to:
a. a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism.
b. more effective medical practices.
c. decreased birth spacing.
d. a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.
Q:
The adoption of agriculture resulted in the development and spread of:
a. weight gain.
b. infectious disease.
c. an increase in health generally.
d. both a and c.
Q:
Some cases of anemia, which cause red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss, may lead to:
a. cribra orbitalia in eye orbits.
b. expansion and porosity of long bones.
c. a parasitic infection.
d. a genetic disease.
Q:
Based on the archaeological record from various areas, the initial effect of agriculture on height was that height:
a. decreased.
b. increased.
c. became more variable within the population.
d. stayed the same.
Q:
Extreme anemia can lead to:
a. cancer.
b. porotic hyperostosis.
c. heart disease.
d. measles.
Q:
Cavities in the teeth are also called:
a. hypoplasias.
b. enamel defects.
c. dentin foramina.
d. dental caries.
Q:
The frequent occurrence of agriculture around the world was accompanied by two phenomena:
a. an increase in population size and food shortages.
b. a change in climate and consequent change in environment.
c. the distribution of land wealth and trade of produce.
d. a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.
Q:
The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that:
a. over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.
b. tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
c. change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
d. tooth and jaw size increased over time.
Q:
Comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers' to later agriculturalists' to modern peoples':
a. show a remarkable decline in size.
b. show an increase in size.
c. show variation in size to a high degree.
d. demonstrate biological change over time.
Q:
As towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources:
a. organized warfare developed.
b. cooperation among neighbors developed.
c. agriculture increased as well.
d. violence decreased.
Q:
Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last:
a. 17,000 yBP.
b. 10,000 yBP.
c. 6,000 yBP.
d. 3,000 yBP.
Q:
The Neolithic demographic transition resulted in:
a. a decrease in birthrate.
b. earlier weaning.
c. a slow increase in the world's population.
d. a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate.
Q:
In the American Midwest, native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed about:a. 11,500 yBP.b. 8,000 yBP.c. 6,000-1,000 yBP.d. 10,500 yBP.
Q:
Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene, especially:
a. barley, sorghum, and wheat.
b. wheat, barley, corn, and rice.
c. oats, wheat, and rice.
d. corn, rice, and beans.
Q:
The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by:
a. 15,000 years ago.
b. the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic.
c. the Lower Paleolithic.
d. the beginning of the Cenozoic.
Q:
The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by:
a. 6,000 yBP.
b. 4,000 yBP.
c. 1,500 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.
Q:
Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering, meaning:
a. more people were needed to produce more food.
b. more people could be fed from the same amount of land.
c. more storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication.
d. fewer people were available for labor.
Q:
One of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution is:
a. the shift from foraging to farming.
b. having color depth perception.
c. a larger brain.
d. a change in the arm-to-leg ratio.
Q:
Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neandertals:
a. traded with modern humans.
b. used body ornaments.
c. used symbolism.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?
a. the cervical (neck) vertebrae
b. the mandible
c. the ribs
d. the hyoid
Q:
The Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools that are associated with Neandertals are called:
a. Mousterian.
b. Gravettian.
c. Solutrean.
d. Acheulean.
Q:
The Levallois method of stone tool production is associated with the:
a. Mousterin.
b. Upper Paleolithic.
c. Levallois.
d. Solutrean.
Q:
The Middle Paleolithic is associated with _______ tools, which Neandertals produced.
a. blade
b. Acheulean
c. flake
d. Mousterian
Q:
The European archeological period that is marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art starting about 35,000 yBP is called the:
a. later Stone Age.
b. Upper Paleolithic period.
c. Neolithic period.
d. Eurocentric period.
Q:
The oldest Neandertal site dates to _______, at _______.
a. 130,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
b. 32,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
c. 130,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
d. 25,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
Q:
Neandertals' cold-adapted traits include:
a. a narrow nasal aperture.
b. long limbs.
c. a wide torso.
d. a projecting midface.
Q:
In Atapeura 5, early archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertal specimens show heavy wear on the incisors and canines, indicating:
a. the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.
b. the purposeful modification of teeth to demonstrate social rank, as with the Aztecs.
c. their use for shaping the cutting edges of stone blades.
d. the chewing of massive amounts of fibrous materials.
Q:
The multiregional continuity hypothesis supposes that:
a. modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing archaic Homo sapiens populations.
b. the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.
c. Homo erectus populations migrated out of Africa to replace archaic Homo sapiens.
d. archaic Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa to replace Neandertals in Europe.
Q:
The people represented by the Denisova fossils likely:
a. interbred with Homo erectus.
b. share a common ancestor with Neandertals.
c. were isolated to the point of extinction.
d. looked very much like Neandertals.
Q:
Anatomically modern human fossils were discovered in the European Upper Paleolithic site of:
a. Atapuerca, Spain.
b. Mauer, Germany.
c. Petralona, Greece.
d. Cro-Magnon, France.
Q:
Traits of anatomically modern humans include:
a. a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.
b. large browridges.
c. an average cranial capacity of 1,500 cc.
d. a long and low brain case.
Q:
Analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiens may have evolved approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.
b. 200,000 yBP.
c. 750,000 yBP.
d. 1 million yBP.
Q:
To date, the majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in:
a. India.
b. Europe and western Asia.
c. northern Africa.
d. southeast Asia.
Q:
The last Neandertals date to:
a. 250,000 yBP.
b. 100,000 yBP.
c. 75,000 yBP.
d. 32,000 yBP.
Q:
Archaic Homo sapiens:
a. occurs only in Europe and Asia.
b. shows a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits.
c. is dated to the late Pliocene.
d. is often found with Oldowan stone tools.
Q:
Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are sites where specimens of _______ have been discovered.
a. Homo erectus
b. modern Homo sapiens
c. archaic Homo sapiens
d. Neandertals
Q:
Modern humans have:
a. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
b. a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges.
c. a small face, small teeth, and a projecting chin.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
In the study of human evolution, scientists define modern in terms of:
a. a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.
b. a designated time frame between the Upper and Lower Paleolithic.
c. a series of anatomical traits that distinguish Cro-Magnon features from Neandertals.
d. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
Q:
What symbolic behavior is evident in the archeological record and associated with Neandertals and anatomically modern humans in Europe beginning around 35,000 yBP (during the Upper Paleolithic)?
Q:
What kinds of environmental pressures contributed to the dispersal of modern Homo sapiens around the world? What do the migrations of modern humans into Australia tell us about the range of human variation and adaptability in the past compared to the diversity we see in human populations today?
Q:
Discuss which anatomical traits are used to contrast modern humans' physical appearance with that of similar hominids. Which are derived and which are ancestral? Are these traits biological adaptation, as in the case of Neandertals?
Q:
Discuss the two models of modern human originsout-of-Africa and multiregional continuity. Briefly describe their main tenets and discuss how the more recent assimilation model differs from each.
Q:
Discuss the origin of the Neandertals in terms of biological adaptation and other forces of evolution.
Q:
The out-of-Africa model asserts:
a. a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.
b. the importance of gene flow across population boundaries.
c. migrations of australopithecines out of Africa.
d. migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.
Q:
The transition to fully modern Homo sapiens was completed globally by about:
a. 400,000 yBP.
b. 1.6 mya.
c. 160,000 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.
Q:
The most distinctive traits about the cold adaptation complex of Neandertals are:
a. the suprainiac fossa and globular shape of the skull.
b. thick bones and extra muscles.
c. the body and the length of the arms and legs.
d. the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth.
Q:
Sub-Saharan Africans show the largest genetic diversity of any human population. This is likely to have resulted from the:
a. accumulation of genetic mutations over the last 10 years.
b. group's small breeding population, maintaining genetic diversity.
c. accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
d. introduction of genetic diversity from Europe and Asia.
Q:
Allen's and Bergmann's rules are perfect examples of natural selection's effects on anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These include the limb and trunk proportions of:
a. Neandertals.
b. modern human populations.
c. most mammals.
d. Neandertals, modern human populations, and most mammals.
Q:
While on an archaeological dig in Europe, you find a stone tool that is rounded on one side and has had flakes removed from the other side, giving it the appearance of a tortoise shell. This is likely
to be a(n):
a. prepared core typical of prehistoric modern humans that inhabited this region.
b. example of the Levallois technique of Homo erectus.
c. completed tool that is similar to those you have seen from the Solutrean toolkit.
d. none of the above
Q:
A hominid fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large nasal aperture is likely to be classified as having _______ characteristics.
a. modern
b. australopithecine
c. archaic
d. apelike
Q:
The morphology of the Paleoindian skull from Kennewick indicates that it:
a. was recovered from an elaborate burial.
b. represents an early Eskimo population.
c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans' skulls.
d. is about 3,000 years old.
Q:
Early Native Americans used which distinctive fluted spear points to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals?
a. Mousterian points
b. Solutrean blades
c. Levallois flakes
d. Clovis points
Q:
A distinctive trait of people from East Asia and the Americas is:
a. shovel-shaped incisors.
b. a large nose.
c. thick, long bones.
d. extra muscles on the scapula.
Q:
The earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia is from _______, dating to _______.
a. Kow Swamp; 13,000 yBP
b. Lake Mungo; 40,000 Ybp
c. Melbourne; 25,000 yBP
d. Tasmania; 35,000 yBP
Q:
The Homo floresiensis specimen:
a. had a small brain due to a pathology.
b. lived about 20,000 yBP.
c. is the result of genetic drift.
d. fits Allen's rule in body proportions.
Q:
According to John Relethford, the most likely reasons for modern humans to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene include:
a. disease.
b. loss of food supply.
c. climate change.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.
b. 25,000 yBP.
c. 15,000 yBP.
d. 5,000 yBP.
Q:
The fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to:
a. 12,000 yBP.
b. 18,000 yBP.
c. 40,000 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.
Q:
The Herto skulls from Ethiopia:
a. are distinctly modern.
b. have a combination of archaic and modern features.
c. are distinctly archaic.
d. are considered Homo habilis.
Q:
All fossils of archaic Homo sapiens and earlier Homo erectus show:
a. continued reduction in skeletal robusticity and tooth size.
b. expansion of the brain and increased cultural complexity.
c. a large cranial capacity.
d. both a. and b.
Q:
The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern human origins?
a. out-of-Africa
b. multiregional continuity
c. assimilation
d. None of these models supports such a discovery.
Q:
The Neandertals' disappearance after 30,000 yBP likely resulted from their:
a. assimilation.
b. isolation.
c. extinction.
d. migration out of Africa.
Q:
Compared to modern Homo sapiens, archaic Homo sapiens has:
a. a long and low skull, a smaller brain size, and a large masticatory complex.
b. a taller and wider nasal aperture, a more projecting occipital bone, larger teeth, and no chin.
c. a longer and lower skull, a larger browridge, and a bigger and more projecting face.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Describe Homo erectus's cranial and postcranial anatomical characteristics. How is this species significantly different from earlier hominids, and how did these characteristics increase the success of this species over that of their ancestors?
Q:
Contrast the cranial and dental anatomy and adaptation of Australopithecus robustus with African Homo erectus.
Q:
Homo erectus was likely the first hominid to successfully migrate to regions beyond Africa. Discuss how the biology and culture of Homo erectus led to its success on three major continents with varying environments.
Q:
Discuss the fossil evidence of Homo habilis, and describe the anatomical and behavioral traits of Homo habilis that introduce the evolution of Homo sapiens.
Q:
Homo erectus's high degree of adaptive success is evidenced by its:
a. increased reliance on material culture.
b. apparent increased intelligence.
c. reliance on unchanging environments.
d. both a. and b.