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Anthropology
Q:
Which of the following does NOT represent a behavior difference between bonobos and chimpanzees?
A.largely leaf-based diet
B.Females aren't peripheral to group.
C.importance of male-female bonding
D.lack of closely bonded male group
E.presence of large, geographically based communities
Q:
What features distinguish bonobos from common chimpanzees?
A.They are more arboreal.
B.They have longer legs and a more linear build.
C.They lack sexual dimorphism.
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following compose chimpanzee diet?
A.fruit
B.leaves
C.meat
D.insects
E.all of the above
Q:
Chimpanzees live in groups composed of:
A.one adult male and several females and their young
B.several adult males and females and young of all ages
C.one adult male, one adult female, and their young
D.several adult females and one adult male and dependent young
E.none of these
Q:
Chimpanzees are found:
A.across forested equatorial Africa as far east as Lake Tanganika
B.in Africa and India
C.only in open savanna areas of Kenya
D.only in the mountainous areas of central Africa
E.in Africa, India, and southeast Asia
Q:
Which of the following best describes the diet of gorillas?
A.frugivorous
B.omnivorous
C.vegetarian
D.none of the above
E.A and C
Q:
Gorilla social groups are composed of:
A.one adult male and one adult female and their immature offspring
B.solitary individuals except for females with dependent young
C.an adult male, a few adult females and their immature offspring, and sometimes, one or two other adults probably nonbreeding males
D.several adults of both sexes and offspring of all ages
E.several adult males and only one female and her offspring
Q:
Which of the great apes is found only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra?
A.orangutans
B.gorillas
C.chimpanzees
D.bonobos
E.gibbons
Q:
Which of the following are very large, sexually dimorphic, and live largely solitary lives?
A.gorilla
B.gibbon
C.macaques
D.orangutan
E.bonobos
Q:
Which ape species tends to form monogamous mating pairs?
A.orangutans
B.gibbons
C.chimpanzees
D.gorillas
E.bonobos
Q:
Which of the following is a trait differentiating the apes and humans from monkeys?
A.shortened trunk
B.larger body size
C.increased infant dependence
D.no tail
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following types of primate tends to have pronounced sexual dimorphism?
A.Prosimians
B.Gibbons and siamangs
C.New World monkeys
D.Tarsiers
E.Old World monkeys
Q:
What behavioral trait differentiates the two subfamilies of Old World Monkeys?
A.the presence of ischial callosities
B.limited prehensile thumbs
C.specialized vs. generalized diet
D.different dental formula
E.all of these
Q:
All Old World monkeys belong to the family____.
A.Pongidae
B.Cebidae
C.Cercopithecidae
D.Pongidae
E.Callitrichidae
Q:
What group of non-human primates has the largest geographical distribution?
A.Tarsiers
B.Apes
C.Old World Monkeys
D.Prosimians
E.New World Monkeys
Q:
Which of the following is a trait seen in some New World monkeys but not in the Old World?
A.grasping hand
B.quadrupedalism
C.arboreal lifestyle
D.prehensile tail
E.color vision
Q:
The two major sub-groupings of monkeys are:
A.terrestrial and arboreal forms
B.large and small bodied species
C.New and Old World species
D.Callitrichidae and Cebidae
E.nocturnal and diurnal species
Q:
Which of the following characteristics differentiate marmosets and tamarins from other anthropoids?
A.multiple births
B.presence of claws, rather than nails
C.insectivorous diet
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
The tarsier:
A.is unquestionably a prosimian
B.may be more closely related to anthropoids than prosimians
C.is a hominid
D.is a New World monkey
E.is unquestionably an anthropoid
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a trait that distinguishes anthropoids from prosimians?
A.lack of rhinarium
B.longer gestation period
C.increased reliance on vision
D.more specialized dentition
E.increased parental care
Q:
The two major groupings of prosimians are:
A.lemurs and tarsiers
B.marmosets and howler monkeys
C.baboons and macaques
D.lemurs and lorises
E.tarsiers and small-bodied apes
Q:
Which of the following traits mark the prosimians as the most primitive of the primates?
A.dental comb
B.the presence of a rhinarium
C.eyes oriented toward the side of the face
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following are NOT prosimians?
A.indri
B.lorises
C.lemurs
D.marmosets
E.galagoes
Q:
An alternate approach to dividing primates as either prosimians or anthropoids involves what two suborders?
A.Prosimii and Anthropoidea
B.Platyrrhini and Catarrhini
C.Strepsirhini and Haplorhini
D.Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea
E.Callitrichidae and Cebidae
Q:
The primate order is traditionally divided into what two suborders?
A.Prosimii and Anthropoidea
B.Platyrrhini and Catarrhini
C.Pongidae and Hominidae
D.Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea
E.Pongo and Homo
Q:
Which of the following are capable of TRUE brachiation?A.gibbonsB.lemursC.chimpanzeesD.all of the aboveE.only A and C
Q:
Using all four limbs to support the body during movement is:
A.bipedalism
B.vertical clinging and leaping
C.quadrupedalism
D.semi-brachiation
E.brachiation
Q:
What is the primary physical difference between terrestrial and arboreal quadrupeds?
A.Arboreal quadrupeds typically have shorter fore limbs.
B.Arboreal quadrupeds typically have prehensile tails.
C.Terrestrial quadrupeds typically have shorter hind limbs.
D.Terrestrial quadrupeds typically lack stereoscopic vision.
E.none of these
Q:
Which group of primates typically employs vertical clinging and leaping?
A.Old World monkeys
B.prosimians and tarsiers
C.baboons and macaques
D.gibbons and siamangs
E.chimpanzees and bonobos
Q:
What factor allows primates to employ multiple forms of locomotion?
A.omnivorous diet
B.increased intelligence
C.generalize anatomy
D.quadrupedal structure
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the nature of primate habitat?
A.Although most are arboreal, some non-human primates are completely terrestrial.
B.Many primates have adopted terrestrial lifestyles.
C.Primates typically adopt terrestrial adaptation in areas with little predation.
D.All non-human primates are arboreal to some extent.
E.Primates are commonly found in temperate areas.
Q:
What selective pressures have been offered to explain the development of primate vision?
A.need for three dimensional vision for hunting insects
B.need for depth perception in complex, three dimensional environment
C.the appearance of flowering plants
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The suite of anatomical traits associated with primates is believed to have evolved as adaptations to which type of environment?
A.terrestrial
B.arboreal
C.rocky
D.grassland
E.desert
Q:
Which common element of primate social behavior is not commonly found in other mammals?
A.fission-fusion pattern
B.permanent association of males with social groups
C.formation of monogamous pairs
D.large groups of related females/unrelated males
E.all of these
Q:
In primates, an increased period of infant dependency:
A.requires greater parental investment
B.provides for an increase in flexible learned behavior
C.results in more intense child rearing
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected in:
A.presence of color vision in most species
B.forward facing position of the eyes
C.reduction in size of structures related to the sense of smell
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Which of the following traits distinguishes primates from other mammals?
A.reliance on the sense of smell
B.presence of claws on all digits
C.heterodontism
D.quadrupedal locomotion
E.none of these
Q:
Primate teeth:
A.are generalized and lack specializations seen in many other mammalian groups
B.are very specialized, reflecting a specialized diet
C.do not differ from other mammalian teeth
D.are used primarily for grasping objects since the hands are not used for this purpose
E.all of these
Q:
Generally speaking, most primates can be said to be:
A.insectivorous
B.seed eaters
C.omnivorous
D.carnivorous
E.leaf eaters
Q:
The presence of five digits on hands and feet is:
A.a primitive mammalian pattern retained to some degree in most primate species
B.seen only in apes and humans
C.a well-developed trait in all primates
D.restricted to the primate order
E.primarily associated with prosimians
Q:
As a group, primates tend to be:
A.highly specialized
B.generalized
C.lacking in derived features
D.primitive
E.narrow in terms of dietary preferences
Q:
Homologies are physical similarities that are due to common evolutionary descent.
Q:
The process of adaptive radiation typically involves which of the following?
A.the transition from generalized to specialized characteristics
B.the presence of numerous ancestral traits
C.the transition from specialized to generalized characteristics
D.a decrease in the overall diversity of species within a given taxonomic category
E.none of these
Q:
Which of the following characteristics would likely serve to limit the potential for divergence in a species?
A.an abundance of open econiches
B.the presence of numerous ancestral traits
C.specialized adaptations
D.the presence of a generalized adaptive pattern
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following factors influences how many variations a species can diverge into?
A.the adaptive potential of available niches
B.its adaptive potential
C.whether it is a prey or predator species
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
The rapid expansion and diversification of groups of organisms into newly available econiches is termed:
A.generalization
B.homology
C.parallel evolution
D.adaptive radiation
E.specialization
Q:
The importance of learning for mammals is reflected in:
A.their long developmental period
B.their homeothermy
C.their nocturnal heritage
D.the fact that they are heterodonts
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following best defines the term "heterodont"?
A.the inability of reptiles to internally regulate their body temperature
B.a dental structure composed of different kinds of teeth
C.the ability of mammals to internally regulate their body temperature
D.the ability to live in a wide range of different econiches
E.none of these
Q:
Mammals that are characterized by internal fertilization and development of their young are known as:
A.placental
B.ectothermic
C.heterodonts
D.specialized
E.altricial
Q:
What behavioral characteristic primarily explains the rapid success of mammals?
A.homodont dentition
B.importance of learning and behavioral flexibility
C.ectothermic nature
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
The successful diversification of mammals occurred during which geologic era?
A.Holocene
B.Paleozoic
C.Mesozoic
D.Paleocene
E.Cenozoic
Q:
Mammals first appear during which of the following eras?
A.Paleozoic
B.Mesozoic
C.Cenozoic
D.Cambrian
E.Pliocene
Q:
The Mesozoic era is characterized by:A.the evolution of the first TRUE primatesB.the appearance of the first vertebratesC.the dominance of reptiles on landD.the initial formation of PangaeaE.a series of glacial/interglacial periods
Q:
Which of the following is not a component of an ecological niche?
A.terrain
B.vegetation
C.predators
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
During which geological era did the continents first assume their modern position?
A.Holocene
B.Paleozoic
C.Mesozoic
D.Paleocene
E.Cenozoic
Q:
Vertebrates first appear during what geologic era?
A.Holocene
B.Paleozoic
C.Mesozoic
D.Paleocene
E.Cenozoic
Q:
The identification of a fossil genus requires:
A.a fundamental adaptive or morphological difference from another genus
B.at least two species
C.evidence for the exploitation of different econiches
D.the presence of shared derived traits unique to the proposed genus
E.all of these
Q:
Many disputes among paleoanthropologists about the proper definition of a paleospecies is the product of:
A.the high amount of variability typically present in paleospecies
B.philosophical differences between "lumpers" and "splitters"
C.the frequent mixing of characters into novel combinations
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
How do scientists evaluate whether variation seen in fossils is likely to represent intraspecific or interspecific differences?
A.by statistic comparison with other fossil species
B.through comparison with contemporary species
C.through the identification of shared derived traits
D.by accounting for the effects of homoplasies
E.all of these
Q:
Variability in fossil species is the product of which of the following factors?
A.age-dependent differences
B.individual variation
C.sexual dimorphism
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Differences in the physical characteristics of male and female members of a species is known as:
A.sexual dimorphism
B.interspecies variability
C.species specific phenotypic characteristics
D.homoplasy
E.individual variation
Q:
Which of the following statements about paleospecies is CORRECT?
A.Paleospecies typically exhibit greater variability due to variation through time.
B.Paleospecies typically exhibit less variability due to small sample size.
C.Paleospecies typically exhibit less intra-species variability and more inter-species variability.
D.Paleospecies cannot be directly compared to modern species.
E.Paleospecies typically exhibit less variability due to smaller geographic distributions of fossils.
Q:
Which of the following is the most basic process of macroevolution?
A.speciation
B.genetic drift
C.gene flow
D.convergent evolution
E.all of the above
Q:
The process of speciation, through macroevolution, typically relies on which of the following processes?
A.geographic isolation
B.genetic drift
C.different selective forces
D.behavioral isolation
E.all of these
Q:
In grouping organisms together in a cladistic classification, the most important characteristics are those that are:
A.ancestral
B.derived
C.primitive
D.analogous
E.phenotypically dissimilar
Q:
Phylogenetic trees are typically differentiated from cladograms based on what feature?
A.incorporation of a time scale
B.use of derived traits
C.the exclusion of homoplasies
D.the depiction of evolutionary relationships
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following represent the primary differences between evolutionary systematics and cladistics?
A.use of specific features for comparison
B.employed by evolutionary biologists
C.selective use of homologies employed
D.focus exclusively on homologies
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following characteristics are shared by evolutionary systematics and cladistics?
A.focus exclusively on homologies
B.trace evolutionary relationships
C.use of specific features for comparison
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Traits that reflect specific evolutionary lines and can be informative as to evolutionary relationships are called:
A.ancestral
B.acquired
C.derived
D.convergent characters
E.analogies
Q:
Which of the following is best defined as a group of organisms both living and dead sharing a common ancestor?
A.clade
B.population
C.homoplasy
D.analogy
E.phylogeny
Q:
Which of the following would be an example of a homoplasy?
A.the fur found on dogs and cats
B.the hand structure of chimpanzees and humans
C.the wing structure of bats and butterflies
D.the vertebral column of mammals and reptiles
E.egg-laying by birds and reptiles
Q:
Cladistics typically employs what type of traits to discern evolutionary relationships?
A.ancestral
B.derived
C.homoplasies
D.analogies
E.interspecific
Q:
The field that specializes in establishing rules of classification is known as:
A.cladistics
B.taxonomy
C.phylogenetics
D.evolutionary systematics
E.all of these
Q:
The process of classification is defined by which of the following traits?
A.organizes and simplifies biological diversity
B.hierarchical arrangement of categories
C.describes evolutionary relationships between species
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Homoplasy is defined as:
A.the process leading to the development of analogies
B.the process of divergent evolution
C.the process leading to the development of homologies
D.the basis for constructing cladograms
E.only used in evolutionary systematics
Q:
Structural similarities between species that are based upon function and not upon common evolutionary descent are called:
A.acquired
B.generalized
C.nonadaptive
D.analogies
E.homologies
Q:
Structural similarities shared by a wide array of very distantly related species that are inherited from a common ancestor, such as the number of bones in the forelimb, are termed:
A.specialized
B.ancestral (or primitive)
C.adaptive radiations
D.analogies
E.derived
Q:
Structural similarities shared by two or more species that are based upon descent from a common ancestor are:
A.analogies
B.homologies
C.acquired
D.uncommon
E.uninformative
Q:
Taxonomic classification:
A.reflects evolutionary relationships
B.is based upon acquired characteristics
C.is always based solely upon physical similarities between species
D.reflects the geographic distribution of species
E.is only applied to nonhuman species
Q:
In addition to a vertebral column, what other trait is characteristic of vertebrates?
A.paired sensory structures
B.developed brain
C.they are heterodonts
D.all of the above
E.only A and B