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Anthropology
Q:
Which one of the following is one of the primary goals of archaeology?
A.determine the "when" and "where" of past cultures
B.reconstruct past lifeways
C.explain past cultural events
D.explore cognitive and symbolic dimensions of past humans
E.All of these are primary archaeological goals.
Q:
The study of the human past, primarily through material remains, is known as:
A.paleoanthropology
B.archaeology
C.ethnographic
D.cultural anthropology
E.none of these
Q:
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a primary context?
A.animal bones washed into a stream bed
B.a piece of pottery found within a storage pit
C.an assortment of sharp stone tools next to a butchered carcass
D.wood charcoal found within a hearth
E.All of these are examples of a primary context.
Q:
The home-based forager model of hominin behavior proposed that Olduvai Gorge reflected what behavior?
A.use as a central hunting location
B.use as a prominent location for the manufacture of Oldowan tools
C.the natural accumulation of animal bones
D.use as a multi-purpose campsite
E.none of these
Q:
Taphonomy is defined as:
A.the precise temporal and spatial relationship between artifacts and features
B.the study of hominin locomotion
C.the study of site formation processes
D.the study of past environment
E.establishing chronological relationships within a site
Q:
When were the first stone tools manufactured?
A.7 mya
B.2.6 mya
C.500,000 years ago
D.1.5 mya
E.5 mya
Q:
Which of the following types of evidence of hominin behavior are most likely to be preserved?
A.wooden objects
B.organic remains
C.bone implements
D.stone tools
E.social structure
Q:
Why are stone tools important for reconstructing the human past?
A.They are the aspect of culture most often preserved.
B.They represent the most important part of culture.
C.Tool use is a unique to hominins.
D.all of these
Q:
Which of the following statements about tool use by the earliest protohominins between 5-7.5 mya is correct?
A.Stone tools were regularly manufactured.
B.They formed a central part of their adaptive strategies.
C.They likely used tools in a manner similar to modern chimpanzees.
D.They are easily identified as tools by archaeologists.
E.All of the above are correct.
Q:
The study of the structure, behavior, and ecology of hominins is known as:
A.physical anthropology
B.ethnography
C.paleoanthropology
D.archaeology
E.ethology
Q:
Which of the following forms the fundamental basis for human cultural success?
A.material culture
B.home based foraging
C.stone tools
D.mosaic evolution
E.symbolic communication
Q:
The interaction of both physical and cultural aspects of hominin behavior is known as?
A.biocultural evolution
B.mosaic evolution
C.bio-cognition
D.taphonomy
E.paleoecology
Q:
Culture is defined by which of the following characteristics?
A.economic activities
B.symbolic communication
C.social organization
D.material culture
E.all of these
Q:
The term 'hominin' refers to:
A.all great apes
B.only pre-human fossil bipeds
C.all bipedal apes
D.all of these
E.none of these
Q:
Humans exhibit both quantitative and qualitative differences from the other primates.
Q:
Apes are unable to speak because they lack to proper vocal anatomy.
Q:
Infanticide may serve to increase the reproductive fitness of the male who commits it.
Q:
Sexual selection does not seem to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Q:
Primates are only known to employ a closed system of communication.
Q:
Primate females typically compete for the access to mating partners.
Q:
Altruism among primates always involves closely related individuals.
Q:
Predator avoidance is one of the primary factors influencing social behavior.
Q:
The distribution of resources within an environment does not influence social structure.
Q:
Highly plastic organisms typically exhibit a great deal of learned behavior.
Q:
Primate continuum:
A.They are capable of symbolic thought at complex communication.
B.They acquire and use language in much the same way as humans.
C.They have some capability to use symbols referentially.
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding the capacity of apes to use Human Language is CORRECT?
A.They are capable of symbolic thought at complex communication.
B.They acquire and use language in much the same way as humans.
C.They have some capability to use symbols referentially.
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding the capacity of apes to use language is CORRECT?
A.They are capable of symbolic thought at complex communication.
B.They acquire and use language in much the same way as humans.
C.They have some capability to use symbols referentially.
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Why are apes unable to speak?
A.They lack the proper vocal anatomy.
B.They lack the intelligence required to master symbolic communication.
C.Their brain does not have the language related structures.
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following is evidence that primates are not limited to a closed system of communication?
A.chimpanzee dominance displays
B.gorilla chest pounding
C.baboon alarm barks
D.specific predator calls by vervet monkeys
E.Kanzi's ability to make stone tools
Q:
Vervets make specific vocalizations for different:
A.predators
B.food items
C.water sources
D.individuals in the group
E.activities (e.g., grooming, eating)
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural trait exhibited by non-human primates?
A.chimpanzee dietary preferences
B.washing potatoes in water
C.capuchin tool using
D.orangutan nest building
E.use of leaf sponges by lemurs
Q:
Physical anthropologists are interested in tool use in nonhuman primates because it:
A.probably resembles tool use in early hominids
B.is a recently developed behavior
C.demonstrates that chimpanzees are on their way to becoming more human
D.all of these
E.none of these
Q:
Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Nonhuman primate mothers must learn how to take care of infants.B.Infant care in nonhuman primates is innate.C.Primates never injure infants even if they have not learned how to care for them.D.The Harlow experiments showed that infant primates, reared in isolation, suffered no adverse effects.E.none of these
Q:
The basic social unit among nonhuman primates is:
A.mother and infant
B.bonded male groups
C.male and female
D.sibling relationships
E.none of these
Q:
Bonding or attachments between two individuals is known as:
A.monogamy
B.affectional
C.plasticity
D.autonomic
E.none of these
Q:
In what social context is a male primate more likely to be involved the rearing of offspring?
A.polygynous groups
B.polyandrous groups
C.monogamous pairs
D.Primate males rarely participate in the rearing of offspring.
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an explanation offered to explain the occurrence of infanticide?
A.results from competition for resources
B.aberrant behavior caused by overcrowding
C.increases group fitness
D.inadvertent killing
E.increases fitness of the male
Q:
When male langurs take over another male's group, they sometimes kill all young infants. The sociobiological explanation for this behavior is that it:
A.increases the reproductive success of the male
B.causes the infant's mother to cease lactation and resume cycling
C.the mother becomes sexually receptive to the new male
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Sexual selection typically produces little sexual dimorphism, particularly body size in what setting?
A.polygynous mating
B.defense of territory
C.monogamous pairs
D.high predation rates
E.dominance hierarchies
Q:
Sexual selection typically produces sexual dimorphism, particularly body size, in what setting?
A.polygynous mating
B.defense of territory
C.monogamous pairs
D.high predation rates
E.dominance hierarchies
Q:
Why do male primates typically compete for mates?
A.little investment in rearing of offspring
B.continuous production of sperm
C.short female gestation
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following statements about sexual selection is INCORRECT?
A.works equally on both sexes
B.can lead to sexual dimorphism
C.involves success in reproducing
D.results from competition for mates
E.is a form of natural selection
Q:
What factors make it advantageous for a female primate to maximize the resources available to her and her offspring?
A.large number of calories required when pregnant or lactating
B.long dependence period of offspring
C.relatively slow reproductive rate
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
In general, nonhuman primates:
A.form lasting relationships with members of their group
B.tend not to associate with other individuals except when mating
C.spend little time interacting with infants
D.rarely cooperate with one another
E.are not capable of much learned behavior
Q:
Female primates:
A.assume most of the responsibility of caring for infants
B.have the same potential for number of offspring as do males
C.spend most of their adult life either pregnant or lactating
D.none of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
In most primate species, as compared to other mammals:
A.infants are left in a nest while the mother forages for food
B.mothers have little physical contact with offspring
C.infants are carried everywhere from the time they are born
D.infants have little opportunity to learn since they usually do not accompany their mother
E.there is little bonding between mothers and infants
Q:
Species that produce relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are:
A.K-selected
B.r-selected
C.polygynous
D.territorial
E.reproductively fit
Q:
K-selection refers to:
A.species that produce large numbers of offspring and invest little or no parental care
B.species that become extinct after a few generations
C.only egg-laying species
D.all species except primates
E.the production of relatively few offspring and increased parental care
Q:
Which of the following statements concerning the occurrence of altruistic behavior among primates in INCORRECT?
A.It may involve the adoption of orphans.
B.It always involves close relatives of the altruistic individual.
C.It typically involves the protection of dependent offspring.
D.It may involve protection against other members of the same species.
E.It may include efforts to chase away predators.
Q:
Which of the following explains the presence of grooming as a social behavior?
A.reinforces social bonds
B.provides means of gaining favor from dominant animals
C.forms a means of conflict resolution
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following factors best explains the chimpanzee violence observed at Gombe?
A.It involved competition for dominance between two males.
B.It likely occurred as a result of competition for resources.
C.It may have been a case of infanticide associated with sexual selection.
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following statements about primate competition is INCORRECT?
A.High ranking females may harass low ranking females to keep them from food resources.
B.Intragroup conflict typically centers on competition for resources.
C.Intergroup conflict typically is the result of territorial behavior.
D.Males typically fight over mating partners.
E.Intergroup conflict is most likely to be resolved through submissive behaviors.
Q:
Which of the following would NOT be an example of an intentional communicative behavior among primates?
A.facial expressions
B.exposed canines
C.vocalizations
D.raised body hair
E.displays
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding primate dominance hierarchies is NOT accurate?
A.Dominance hierarchies tend to decrease the amount of physical violence in a group due to increased competition for status.
B.Status is typically determined at birth by the rank of the mother.
C.Dominant animals typically have greater access to mating partners.
D.Ranking within the hierarchy is typically expressed through gestures.
E.Positions of status are learned.
Q:
Dominance hierarchies:
A.increase aggression and fighting within a group
B.have no function in social groups
C.organize social interactions
D.are not seen in primates
E.only occur among males
Q:
In general, which of the following statements are TRUE?A.Primate males tend to be dominant to females.B.Dominant individuals appear to have priority access to desired food items.C.Dominant animals may have greater access to mating partners.D. all of the aboveE.A and B only
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding autonomic responses in primates is CORRECT?
A.They communicate emotional state.
B.They are involuntary.
C.It is a deliberate form of communication.
D.All of the above are correct.
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following represents a cost of group living?
A.increased risk of predation
B.increased energy expenditure
C.increased competition for resources
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
In settings where predation pressure is high, which form of social organization is most advantageous?
A.solitary medium-sized animals
B.terrestrial monogamous pairs
C.congregations of single male groups
D.groups composed of mothers and young offspring
E.none of these
Q:
Factors that influence social organization include:
A.distribution of resources
B.relationships with other, non-predatory species
C.body size
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a life history trait?
A.length of gestation
B.length between pregnancies
C.weaning age
D.life expectancy
E.all of these
Q:
Matrilines are most commonly found among what group of primates?
A.chimpanzees
B.bonobos
C.vervet monkeys
D.gorillas
E.macaques
Q:
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between the distribution of resources and group composition is INCORRECT?
A.Clumped resources with limited distribution tend to favor small, territorial groups.
B.Clumped resources, such as fruits and nuts, are most efficiently exploited by smaller groups of animals.
C.Widely scattered resources tend to result in defense of territory.
D.Abundant and dense resources, such as leaves, support large groups of animals.
E.Both B and C are incorrect.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors influencing social structure?
A.kin selection
B.body size
C.predation
D.basal metabolic rate
E.distribution of resources
Q:
Organisms where much of their behavior is genetically determined, rather than learned are said to have:
A.dominance hierarchy
B.high plasticity
C.autonomic behavior
D.low plasticity
E.affiliative behavior
Q:
The concept of understanding behaviors as adaptations to specific environmental circumstances is known as:
A.social structure
B.kin selection
C.behavioral ecology
D.sexual selection
E.social behavior
Q:
Tourism constitutes one of the principal threats to mountain gorilla survival.
Q:
The Bushmeat trade is a global phenomenon.
Q:
Most primates either currently are or will be threatened by habitat destruction in the next 100 years.
Q:
Unlike chimpanzees, bonobos do not have closely bonded male groups.
Q:
Currently, tarsiers are considered to fit more comfortably within the Prosimian suborder.
Q:
The generalized dentition of primates is directly related to their omnivorous diet.
Q:
Primates are found in the temperate zones of both the New and Old World.
Q:
The increased emphasis on primates' sight is likely associated with the development of flowering plants.
Q:
Primates are unlike many mammals in the fact that females typically have a permanent association with the group of their birth.
Q:
Primates tend to emphasize their sense of vision over that of smell.
Q:
Which of the following best characterizes the current threats to mountain gorillas?
A.poaching
B.land clearing
C.civil war
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following characteristics define the bushmeat trade?
A.commercial/global market
B.solely done for subsistence purposes
C.facilitated by logging
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the worldwide depletion of primates?
A.hunting for food
B.habitat destruction
C.capture for pets
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
What factors serve as the primary difference between humans and other apes?
A.cognitive abilities
B.presence of culture
C.habitual bipedalism
D.all of the above
E.only A and C