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Anthropology
Q:
Which of the following best describes the function of Oldowan tools?
A.used to hunt large mammals
B.primarily used to process shellfish
C.used as a weapon against other hominins
D.used to process animal carcasses
E.all of these
Q:
The term 'hard-hammer percussion' describes which of the following?
A.the technique used to manufacture Oldowan tools
B.the chewing mechanism associated with the Paranthropus genus
C.the excavation technique used in South African sites
D.the process of using stone tools to process animal carcasses
E.none of these
Q:
Homo habilis likely dates as early as:
A.4 million y.a.
B.3.5 million y.a.
C.3 million y.a.
D.2.4 million y.a.
E.1.8 million y.a.
Q:
The feature that most distinguishes early Homo from other hominin species living at the same time is:
A.a larger brain
B.larger back teeth
C.a smaller brain
D.it was less bipedal
E.it was large
Q:
Fossil remains of "early Homo" have been found at:
A.Hadar
B.Koobi Fora
C.Olduvai Gorge
D.none of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The members of the robust Paranthropus lineage likely had a diet which was made up of:
A.primarily meat
B.seeds and nuts
C.leaves and fruit
D.all of these
E.none of these
Q:
The "robust" australopithecines:
A.were twice the size of smaller australopithecines
B.exhibit a number of derived features of the cranium and teeth
C.were not appreciably different in any way from the "gracile" australopithecines
D.had small molar teeth
E.have all come from East African sites
Q:
The taxonomic designation Raymond Dart assigned to the Taung fossil was:
A.Australopithecus boisei
B.Australopithecus africanus
C.Australopithecus afarensis
D.Homo habilis
E.Australopithecus robustus
Q:
What anatomical feature indicated that the Taung child was bipedal?
A.the structure of the knee joint
B.the location of the foramen magnum
C.the non-opposable big toe
D.the relatively short arms
E.the broad, short pelvis
Q:
The first person to describe and classify an australopithecine fossil was:
A.Richard Leakey
B.Don Johanson
C.Raymond Dart
D.Mary Leakey
E.Louis Leakey
Q:
The Paranthropoids are best characterized by which of the following statements?
A.a short lived, evolutionary experiment
B.early hominins with many ancestral traits
C.a stable, specialized adaptation
D.the first tool users
E.all of these
Q:
The 'Black Skull' (Paranthropus aethiopicus) is characterized by what features?
A.first evidence for obligate bipedalism
B.broad face and large palate
C.retention of sectorial premolars
D.retention of curved finger bones
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following statements concerning the nature of locomotion for Australopithecus afarensis is correct?
A.They likely employed a combination of knuckle walking and bipedalism.
B.Their gait was largely identical to that of modern humans.
C.Although obligate bipeds, they likely still spent considerable time exploiting arboreal environments.
D.They represent non-obligate bipeds, adapted for occasional terrestrial forays.
E.none of these
Q:
What australopithecine possesses large pointed canines, a semisectorial lower first premolar, and parallel to convergent tooth rows?
A.Australopithecus africanus
B.Australopithecus afarensis
C.Australopithecus robustus
D.Australopithecus anamensis
E.Australopithecus boisei
Q:
Which of the following hominin species is the most derived?
A.Australopithecus afarensis
B.Australopithecus africanus
C.Ardipithecus ramidus
D.Australopithecus anamensis
E.Homo habilis
Q:
Which of the following hominin species is the least derived?
A.Australopithecus afarensis
B.Australopithecus africanus
C.Australopithecus robustus
D.Australopithecus anamensis
E.Australopithecus boisei
Q:
The "Lucy" skeleton was discovered at:
A.Laetoli
B.Hadar
C.Sterkfontein
D.Olduvai
E.Lake Turkana
Q:
Hominin footprints preserved in a volcanic deposit approximately 3.5 million years ago were found at:
A.Hadar
B.Aramis
C.Laetoli
D.Lake Turkana
E.Sterkfontein
Q:
Early Australopiths exhibit which characteristic features?
A.sectorial premolars
B.parallel tooth row
C.small canines
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
What features are shared by all hominins included in the genus Australopithecus?
A.relatively small brains
B.habitual bipedalism
C.large back teeth
D.very thick enamel
E.all of these
Q:
The earliest members of the Australopithecine genus date to:
A.7 million y.a.
B.5 million y.a.
C.4.2 million y.a.
D.3.7 million y.a.
E.2.5 million y.a.
Q:
The ancient environments of the late Miocene/early Pliocene hominins indicates that the origins of bipedalism:
A.occurred in a marshy area
B.likely occurred on the savanna
C.occurred in relatively heavily forested areas
D.occurred in a variety of different environments
E.was always tied to permanent water sources
Q:
What feature differentiates the Ardipithecus genus from the Australopithecines?
A.presence of substantial sagittal crest
B.thin molar enamel
C.position of the foramen magnum
D.retention of opposable big toe
E.all of these
Q:
Which genus of early hominins represents the earliest indisputable evidence for early hominins?
A.Ardipithecus
B.Orrorin
C.Sahelanthropus
D.Griopithecus
E.Australopithecus
Q:
Which feature of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil found in Chad indicates that it may be a hominin?
A.small vertical face
B.large saggital crest
C.larger cranial capacity
D.large browridges
E.evidence for shearing on upper canine
Q:
Recent fossil evidence indicates that the earliest hominins by date back to:
A.4 million y.a.
B.10 million y.a.
C.7 million y.a.
D.3 million y.a.
E.2 million y.a.
Q:
Which of the following refers to the condition where physical changes require an organism to only move bipedally?
A.habitual bipedalism
B.mosaic bipedalism
C.obligate bipedalism
D.biocultural bipedalsim
E.only A and C
Q:
The possibility that early hominins from South Africa may not have been habitual bipeds is suggested by what physical trait?
A.the intermediate position of the foramen magnum
B.the presence of a divergent big toe
C.a very short/broad pelvis
D.the modern leg/arm proportions
E.lack of forward curvature in the spine
Q:
The morphological changes associated with habitual bipedalism serve to accomplish what function?
A.maintaining a stable center of balance
B.allowing more efficient weight transfer from upper body to legs
C.allowing the leg muscles to work more effectively
D.provide greater leverage from foot/big toe
E.all of these
Q:
Structural changes in hominins that relate to bipedal locomotion include:
A.feet with opposable big toes for grasping
B.increased length of the spine
C.increased length of arms relative to legs
D.shortening of the ilium
E.none of these
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of bipedal locomotion?
A.efficient means of traveling long distances
B.ability to carry objects
C.more effective cooling
D.allows for faster running speed aiding escape from predators
E.improves ability to spot predators
Q:
The recent use of the term hominin as a taxonomic category has extensively used what source of evidence?
A.molecular
B.physiology
C.geography
D.fossil evidence
E.all of these
Q:
Miocene hominoid fossils have NOT been found on which of the following continents?
A.Africa
B.North America
C.Europe
D.Asia
E.Hominoid fossils have been found on all of these continents.
Q:
Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.There are fewer hominoid species living today than there were during the Miocene.B.The total number of primate species has increased steadily since the Pleistocene.C.There are more hominoid species living today than there were during the Miocene.D.The major radiation of hominoids occurred during the Oligocene.E.Hominoid fossils have been found only in Africa.
Q:
Which of the following statements concerning Miocene hominoids is INCORRECT?
A.Most are large-bodied.
B.They are clearly related to the ape-human lineage.
C.Most are ancestral to living forms.
D.Sivapithecus shows clear evolutionary links to orangutans.
E.There may be evidence for hominins during this period.
Q:
What impact did the repositioning of landmasses during the Miocene have on climate?
A.They stimulated an ice age.
B.They resulted in warmer conditions.
C.Most tropical areas experienced a significant drought.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
During which geological epoch did the divergence of hominoids from the rest of the anthropoids probably occur?
A.Miocene
B.Paleocene
C.Oligocene
D.Eocene
E.Pliocene
Q:
Hominin fossils first appear during what geologic time period?
A.Pleistocene
B.Pliocene
C.Eocene
D.Miocene
E.Oligocene
Q:
Which period is known as the "Golden Age" of the hominoids due to the diversity of species?
A.Pleistocene
B.Pliocene
C.Eocene
D.Miocene
E.Oligocene
Q:
Which of the following is a candidate for the earliest fossil anthropoid?
A.Apidium
B.Graecopithecus
C.Australopithecus
D.Ardipithecus
E.Orrorin
Q:
What is the evolutionary significance of Aegyptopithecus?A.It represents the first TRUE hominoid.B.It bridges the gap between Eocene fossils and Miocene hominoids.C.It represents the last evolutionary ancestor of Old and New World monkeys.D.It represents the first TRUE anthropoid.E.It is an early candidate for the development of hominins.
Q:
The best evidence currently available suggests that the earliest primates had diverged from the other placental mammals by ____ years ago.
A.100 million
B.80 million
C.60 million
D.30 million
E.20 million
Q:
Hominin occupations at Olduvai Gorge likely represent a home-base foraging pattern.
Q:
The Lower Paleolithic is a term used to describe the culture of the earliest hominins.
Q:
Potassium argon dating is typically used on hominin sites.
Q:
Absolute or chronometric dating always relies on the principle of radioactive decay.
Q:
Seriation dates objects using the principle of superposition.
Q:
Experimental archaeology involves replicating past technology as a means of producing testable inferences about the past.
Q:
All aspects of the past culture can be easily reconstructed through archaeological research.
Q:
Paleoanthropology involves input from geology, ecology, and ethology.
Q:
The various components of hominin biocultural evolution development simultaneously.
Q:
Humans differ from other animals in the extent to which they employ symbolic communication.
Q:
Tool use is not a characteristic unique to hominins.
Q:
What is greatest contribution of Olduvai research?
A.establishment of a well documented sequence of hominin occupation
B.identification of the earliest stone tools
C.contributed to understanding of the origins of bipedalism
D.identification of the earliest hominins
E.discovery of the first anatomically modern human
Q:
Which of the following is a reason why Olduvai Gorge is an important source of information on hominin evolution?
A.exposures of deep geologic strata
B.ability to use radiometric dating techniques on volcanic sediments
C.rapid sedimentation
D.presence of complex stratigraphy
E.all of these
Q:
The key artifacts in the Oldowan tool tradition are:
A.chopper tools
B.manuports
C.flake tools
D.handaxes
E.hammerstones
Q:
The Oldowan is defined as part of what tradition:
A.Lower Paleolithic
B.Protohominin
C.Late Stone Age
D.Middle Paleolithic
E.none of these
Q:
Radiometric dating techniques are based on what principle?
A.sunspot activity
B.regular, known rate of isotopic decay
C.regular changes in earth's magnetic field
D.superposition
E.competitive exclusion
Q:
Which of the following dating techniques relies on the regular growth of tree rings?
A.Radiocarbon
B.K-Ar
C.Dendrochronology
D.Paleomagnetism
E.Seriation
Q:
Which absolute dating technique is most commonly used on archaeological sites younger than 50,000 years?
A.radiocarbon
B.thermoluminescence
C.argon-argon
D.calendars
E.fission track
Q:
If you were digging a hominin site that contains geological layers that resulted from volcanic activity, what dating technique would you most likely use?
A.radiocarbon
B.thermoluminescence
C.potassium-argon
D.biostratigraphy
E.uranium series
Q:
Which absolute dating technique is most often used on hominin sites?
A.radiocarbon
B.thermoluminescence
C.fluorine analysis
D.potassium argon
E.dendrochronology
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an example of a radiometric dating technique?
A.radiocarbon
B.paleomagnetism
C.potassium argon
D.thermoluminescence
E.argon-argon
Q:
Seriation uses what principle to determine the ages of materials?
A.patterned changes in material culture
B.material similarity
C.faunal correlation
D.the principle of superposition
E.all of these
Q:
The principle of superposition is a key component of what relative dating technique?
A.biostratigraphy
B.cross-dating
C.seriation
D.paleomagnetism
E.stratigraphy
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an example of a relative dating technique?
A.biostratigraphy
B.cross-dating
C.seriation
D.paleomagnetism
E.stratigraphy
Q:
The process of assigning an age in calendar years to materials is known as:
A.context dating
B.stratigraphic succession
C.relative dating
D.chronometric dating
E.calendric succession
Q:
Relative dating is defined as:
A.a means of assigning a specific calendar date
B.a way of telling the rough age in years
C.a way of determining whether objects are older, younger, or the same age as each other
D.a seldom-used means of determining the age of archaeological materials
E.none of these
Q:
Reconstructing human technology and material culture as a means of generating testable ideas about the past is known as:
A.experimental archaeology
B.processual archaeology
C.ethnoarchaeology
D.ethology
E.paleoanthropology
Q:
The study of contemporary human societies as a means of understanding the past is known as:
A.experimental archaeology
B.processual archaeology
C.ethnoarchaeology
D.ethology
E.paleoanthropology
Q:
Which of the following refers to the process of attaching a handle to a tool?
A.haft
B.hilt
C.fix
D.flake
E.artifact
Q:
The archaeological record is typically contained within what larger units?
A.features
B.sites
C.primary context
D.regions
E.ecofacts
Q:
The spatial and temporal relationships between artifacts and features is known as:
A.context
B.taphonomy
C.palynology
D.absolute dating
E.site survey
Q:
Which of the following terms best defines an ecofact?
A.any non-portable evidence of human behavior
B.any portable evidence of human behavior
C.any location with evidence of human occupation
D.any evidence of past environments
E.the ecological niche of a hominin species
Q:
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a feature?
A.a human burial with grave goods
B.a circular arrangement of stones around wood charcoal
C.a pyramid
D.the foundation stones of a hut
E.All of these are features.
Q:
Artifacts are typically defined as:
A.any non-portable evidence of human activity
B.any portable evidence of human activity
C.any evidence of past environment
D.only stone tools, like arrowheads
E.any place with evidence of human activity
Q:
What do archaeologists assume is the source of the organization and structure of the archaeological record?
A.past human behavior
B.geologic processes
C.stratigraphic succession
D.primary contexts
E.home-based foraging
Q:
Which of the following is a justification for conducting archaeological excavation?
A.It is designed to answer non-trivial questions.
B.The site is threatened by imminent destruction.
C.Information is required that cannot be provided through site survey.
D.All of these
E.None of these
Q:
Which of the following is the most common means of finding archaeological sites?
A.aerial photos
B.satellite imagery
C.ground penetrating radar
D.pedestrian fieldwork
E.remote sensing
Q:
The non-intrusive study of archaeological sites is known as:
A.excavation
B.reconnaissance
C.site survey
D.field work
E.taphonomy