Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Anthropology
Q:
Which of the following best describes the nature of Middle Pleistocene stone tool technology?
A.It represents a substantial shift from the earlier Acheulian technology.
B.Bone was largely unused as a raw material for tools.
C.The development of the Levallois technique indicates greater cognitive abilities.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Which of the following does NOT represent an explanation for the diversity of Middle Paleolithic stone tool technologies?
A.They may reflect the availability of stone raw material.
B.They were the product of different cultures.
C.They represent different tasks performed at sites.
D.they represent significant regional differences in cognitive abilities.
E.All of the above are explanations for Middle Paleolithic technological diversity.
Q:
Which of the following traits are found on Chinese H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, and modern H. sapiens skeletons?
A.flattened nasal bones
B.a saggital keel or ridge
C.nuchal torus
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
The combination of ancestral Homo erectus traits, such as a sagittal ridge, with more modern features in Chinese premodern fossils has been interpreted as evidence for:
A.classifying these skeletons as a regional variant of Homo heidelbergensis
B.the evolution of anatomically modern humans from earlier Homo erectus in east Asia, rather than Africa
C.substantial genetic continuity between modern and Homo erectus populations in China
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Morphologically, the Homo heidelbergensis fossils from Atapuerca contain traits that resemble what other hominin type?
A.Homo erectus
B.Neandertals
C.Homo habilis
D.anatomically modern Homo sapiens
E.Homo antecessor
Q:
How do the European Homo heidelbergensis fossils compare in morphology to those from Africa?
A.They have retained a greater number of primitive Homo erectus features.
B.They show the development of a larger number of different derived traits.
C.They show the same pattern of derived and retained traits.
D.They have markedly larger cranial capacities.
E.They more closely resemble Asian, rather than African forms of Homo heidelbergensis.
Q:
Which of the following sites has yielded the largest sample of Homo heidelbergensis fossils and is dated to approximately 530,000-600,000 years ago?
A.Ehringsdorf
B.Atapuerca
C.Swanscombe
D.Arago
E.Steinheim
Q:
In Africa, Homo heidelbergensis fossils have been dated as early as:
A.1 million y.a.
B.800,000 y.a.
C.600,000 y.a.
D.125,000 y.a.
E.80,000 y.a.
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the degree of morphological variability in African H. heidelbergensis fossils?
A.They have much more morphological variability than does Homo erectus.
B.They exhibit a great deal of variability.
C.They have little variability, indicating a close genetic relationship.
D.They show marked differences from European H. heidelbergensis.
E.none of these
Q:
African H. heidelbergensis fossils most closely resemble those from what other part of the world?
A.Indonesia
B.Eastern Asia
C.Australia
D.Europe
E.none of the above
Q:
Which of the following H. heidelbergensis crania shows possible evidence of scalping in the form of cut marks?
A.Broken Hill
B.La Chapelle
C.Bodo
D.Nariokotome
E.OT 9
Q:
Which of the following represents a derived trait associated with H. heidelbergensis?
A.less angled occipital
B.large face
C.low forehead
D.thick cranial vault
E.increased tooth size
Q:
Which of the following characteristics are associated with the use of the Homo heidelbergensis taxonomy?
A.It entails its position as a transitional species between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
B.It represents a clearly separate biological species.
C.It primarily is associated with fossils from Africa and Europe.
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the geographic distribution of Middle Pleistocene hominins?
A.They significantly expanded the range of Homo erectus.
B.They were unable to spread much beyond Africa and the Near East due to geographic barriers.
C.They settled virtually every inhabitable area, outside of Antarctica and Polynesia.
D.They were concentrated primarily in Asia and southern Europe.
E.They lived in roughly the same geographic range as Homo erectus, with a denser occupation of Europe.
Q:
Why is it important to understand the environmental conditions associated with Middle Pleistocene hominins?
A.There were pronounced cycles of glacials and interglacials.
B.Changes in climate impacted the availability of food resources.
C.Climate shifts impacted population movements in and out of Africa.
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
During the Pleistocene:
A.Earth's climate was generally warmer than today
B.glaciers advanced and retreated only four times
C.there were numerous glacial advances and retreats
D.there were no hominins outside of Africa
E.none of these
Q:
What environmental conditions were associated with the interglacial periods in Africa?
A.an increase in rainfall
B.increased desertification
C.a decrease in mean temperature
D.more pronounced monsoon cycles
E.increased aridity
Q:
Which of the following geologic epochs is also known as the "Ice Age"?
A.Pliocene
B.Pleistocene
C.Holocene
D.Upper Paleolithic
E.Miocene
Q:
Which of the following statements best summarizes the nature of long-term morphological changes in Homo erectus?
A.There is a trend towards less robust body build.
B.There is no change in cranial capacity.
C.There is a clear and significant increase in cranial capacity.
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Homo erectus subsistence practices are best defined as:
A.wholly dependent on wild plant foods
B.predominantly based on the procurement of meat through consistent hunting
C.a combination of gathering supplemented by occasional hunting and scavenging
D.large communal big game hunting
E.essentially comparable to that of chimpanzees
Q:
Which of the following represents the primary change in Acheulian technology?
A.the development of a flake tool technology
B.the ability to make and control fire
C.the development of hafting technology
D.the extensive use of bone and antler as a raw material
E.the adoption of soft materials for flaking the stone
Q:
Acheulian technology is found:
A.over the full geographic range of H. erectus
B.only in Africa
C.only in some parts of Asia and southern Europe
D.only in East Africa
E.only in France
Q:
Which of the following describes the adoption of a bifacial stone tool form?
A.It represents an intentional design.
B.It produced sharper edges.
C.It represented a more efficient implement.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The best evidence for classic H. erectus in Europe prior to 400,000 years ago comes from the site of:
A.Dmanisi
B.Gran Dolina
C.Boxgrove
D.Ceprano
E.Trinil
Q:
The site of Gran Dolina contains evidence for the presence of Homo as early as:
A.1.75 million y.a.
B.1.3 million y.a.
C.800,000 y.a.
D.400,000 y.a.
E.250,000 y.a.
Q:
In what way do the Dmanisi fossils represent a challenge to the argument for separate Homo ergaster/erectus species?
A.They represent the root species of both.
B.The Dmanisi individuals represent a clear transition from one form to the other.
C.They show that the two species were neither geographically nor reproductively isolated.
D.They contain more variability than exists between the African and Asian forms.
E.none of these
Q:
Which statement concerning the nature of Homo erectus variability best captures our current understanding?
A.There is clear evidence for several species.
B.There is a great deal of geographic variability.
C.It represents a large degree of intra-species variability.
D.They exhibit a great deal of uniformity.
E.only B and C
Q:
Which of the following characteristics is often used to differentiate African from non-African forms of Homo erectus?
A.large molars
B.thin cranial bones
C.greater cranial capacity
D.different arm/leg proportions
E.a more projecting mid-face
Q:
Which of the following best describes the culture of Asian H. erectus?
A.scavenger-gatherers
B.limited hunting
C.possible use of fire
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Recent re-interpretations of Zhoukoudian have questioned all but which of the following conclusions?
A.Evidence from the site indicates a diet based on hunting and gathering.
B.It likely represented a habitation site.
C.The inhabitants of the site intentionally used and controlled fire.
D.Many of the bones show evidence for cooking.
E.The skeletal remains are consistent with "classic" Asian Homo-erectus forms.
Q:
What characteristics make the Chinese evidence important for our understanding of H. erectus?
A.There is a large assemblage of well-documented fossils.
B.The sites are the earliest known.
C.They contain the first indisputable evidence of the use of fire.
D.They show a clear pattern of large-mammal hunting.
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following best describes our understanding of the culture of H. erectus in Indonesia?
A.It shows strong evidence for use of fire.
B.The stone tools are very similar to those of Africa.
C.It is clearly ancestral to those of China.
D.all of these
E.none of these
Q:
Dates from the Ngandong site in Java indicate that Homo erectus may have been present as recently as:
A.50,000 y.a.
B.100,000 y.a.
C.150,000 y.a.
D.250,000 y.a.
E.300,000 y.a.
Q:
Dates for the Homo erectus fossils from Java:
A.consistently pre-date those from Africa
B.have been difficult to establish due to the complicated geological setting
C.have recently been radiometrically estimated to be as early as 1.8 m.y.a.
D.none of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Who made the first discovery of Homo erectus fossil remains?
A.Eugene Dubois
B.Raymond Dart
C.Louis Leakey
D.Don Johansen
E.Franz Weidenreich
Q:
The Dmanisi hominins may indicate that:
A.Homo erectus was most certainly the first hominin to leave Africa
B.advanced technology was not essential for the movement of hominins out of Africa
C.there may have been at least two migrations of hominins from Africa between 2 million and 1.5 million years ago
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
What is the potential significance of the Dmanisi hominin that was lacking its teeth?
A.Violence was a common part of this time period.
B.It died because it was no longer able to eat.
C.It would have required assistance in preparing its food.
D.It shows a dental pattern characteristic of earlier H. habilis forms.
E.only B and D
Q:
What aspects of the Dmanisi hominins question the traditional view of Homo erectus migration from Africa?
A.Their stone tool assemblage resembles the Oldowan tradition.
B.They possess smaller bodies.
C.They possess cranial traits, including thinner browridges and projecting faces reminiscent of earlier Homo forms.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
In general, what is the temporal relationship between the Asian and African forms of Homo erectus?
A.The African forms are generally older than those from Asia.
B.Many of the Asian forms are earlier than the African forms.
C.They appear to be roughly equivalent in age.
D.There is a significant time difference between the initial appearance of the African forms and the earliest fossils from Asia.
E.none of these
Q:
What general factors tend to support the idea that non-African hominins are immediately descended from African Homo erectus?
A.African forms are slightly earlier than those elsewhere.
B.Africa is geographical location of all earlier hominins.
C.The development of new technology allowed them to exploit a wider range of resources.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The earliest East African Homo erectus fossil is from which site?
A.Olduvai
B.East Turkana
C.West Turkana
D.Bouri
E.Dmanisi
Q:
Which of the following best characterize the importance of H. erectus for human evolution?
A.They represent the wholesale adoption of culture as a means of adaptation.
B.They represent the first fully modern evidence for bipedalism.
C.They were the first full-time hunters.
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
The almost complete skeleton of a male Homo erectus with an approximate age at death of 12 years was found at:
A.Olduvai
B.Lantian
C.West Turkana
D.Zhoukoudian
E.Trinil
Q:
Which African fossil does NOT support the suggestion that significant differences exist between African and Asian forms of Homo erectus?
A.Nariokotome
B.Bouri
C.OH 9
D.East Turkana
E.Dmanisi
Q:
The oldest well-dated Homo erectus fossils are from:
A.Europe
B.Africa
C.Java
D.China
E.North America
Q:
A nuchal torus is:
A.characteristic of H. habilis
B.a place for the attachment of neck muscles
C.a stone tool making technique
D.a characteristic feature of modern humans
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following traits does NOT readily differentiate Homo erectus from Homo habilis?
A.larger brain size
B.similar stature
C.wider cranial base
D.thick cranial bone
E.supraorbital tori
Q:
Which of the following best describes the degree of sexual dimorphism inH. erectus?
A.It is the same as in modern humans.
B.It is as high as gorillas.
C.They exhibit less sexual dimorphism than modern humans.
D.It is higher than that of humans.
E.The degree of dimorphism is not known.
Q:
Homo erectus differs most from modern humans in:
A.the postcranial skeleton
B.the way they walked
C.height
D.the cranium
E.none of these
Q:
The evolutionary grouping of individuals showing a similar adaptive pattern is known as a:
A.sub-family
B.adaptive radiation
C.grade
D.genus
E.sub-species
Q:
What is the taxonomic significance of Homo ergaster?
A.It represents the first member of the Homo genus.
B.It represents a transitional species between H. habilis and H. erectus.
C.It represents only the European versions of H. erectus.
D.It has been used to differentiate African from non-African erectus-like hominins.
E.It only refers to non-African Pleistocene hominins.
Q:
Homo erectus appears no later than:
A.2.5 million y.a.
B.2.0 million y.a.
C.1.8 million y.a.
D.4 million y.a.
E.500,000 y.a.
Q:
Homo erectus is the first hominin for which we have evidence of wide geographical dispersion.
Q:
The Acheulian tradition does not include any of the tool forms used in the Oldowan.
Q:
The biface, or "hand axe" is the basic tool of the Acheulian tradition.
Q:
There is clear evidence that Homo erectus regularly and systematically hunted to obtain food.
Q:
The Asian Homo erectus crania from both China and Java are so different from each other that most researchers have suggested that they be separated into two different species.
Q:
The Dmanisi hominins indicate that Homo erectus may have evolved in Asia, rather than Africa.
Q:
Recent reevaluation of the materials from the Zhoukoudian site indicate that it may not have definitive evidence of fire use.
Q:
Eugene Dubois made the initial discovery of Homo erectus on the island of Java.
Q:
The earliest Homo erectus fossils date to 1.8 million years ago.
Q:
Homo habilis and Homo erectus are considered to be a grade of evolution different from the Australopithecines.
Q:
Explanations for the presence of animal bones in archaeological sites such as Zhoukoudian include:
A.they are the result of scavenging by hominins
B.they result from hominin hunting
C.they represent natural processes water transport
D.they may indicate that hominins were prey species
E.all of these
Q:
What is the principal characteristic that distinguishes Acheulian from Oldowan tools?
A.the use of hard hammer percussion
B.the importance of flakes
C.the presence of a predefined tool form
D.their use in hunting
E.all of these
Q:
Acheulian bifaces were likely used for what function?
A.for cutting objects
B.as projectiles for hunting
C.for digging
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Archaeological evidence indicates that the Acheulian tool complex replaced the Oldowan around:
A.2.0 million y.a.
B.1.8 million y.a.
C.500,000 y.a.
D.1.4 million y.a.
E.1 million y.a.
Q:
As a species, Homo erectus existed:
A.for less than 1 million years
B.for about 500,000 years
C.for over 2 million years
D.for about 1.5 million years
E.throughout the Pliocene
Q:
What aspects of Homo erectus behavior indicate that it represents a major change in adaptive strategy
A.greater dependence on meat resources
B.commitment to a cultural way of life
C.establishment of more permanent living sites
D.expansion outside of Africa
E.all of these
Q:
The development of larger brains (encephalization) is one of the primary aspects of early hominin evolution.
Q:
Oldowan tools are very generalized in function.
Q:
Homo habilis contains a mix of both arboreal and bipedal anatomical traits.
Q:
Australopithecus africanus is one of the most ancestral of the early hominins.
Q:
The Ardipithecus ramidus hominins have highly derived dental features including relatively large incisors and molars that resemble those of A. boisei.
Q:
The earliest hominins may appear as early as 7 million years ago.
Q:
It is only possible to identify habitual bipedalism from post-cranial evidence.
Q:
Bipedalism likely initially developed as a response to the importance of stone tool manufacture.
Q:
Aegyptopithecus is one of the first known hominoid primates.
Q:
The first unambiguous primates appear in the fossil record during the Eocene.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the developmental pattern of the early hominins, including H. habilis?
A.a pattern that is most similar to modern humans
B.a developmental pattern that is more delayed
C.a pattern that is most similar to apes
D.the development of an accelerated developmental pattern
E.both C and D
Q:
The fossil evidence for the Plio-Pleistocene hominins indicates which of the following was NOT part of their adaptive pattern?
A.a consistent trend favoring increased cranial capacity
B.relatively restricted home ranges
C.continued reliance on arboreal habitats
D.the development of an accelerated developmental pattern
E.relative constant body size