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Anthropology
Q:
The seemingly sudden appearance of fully domesticated sheep, goats, wheat, and barley in southeastern Europe, along with a host of specific Near Eastern cultural traits is evidence for:
A.the influence of eastern Asia on the development of agriculture in Europe
B.both the migration of farmers and diffusion of the idea of agriculture from the Near East
C.the independent development of agriculture in this region
D.the presence of single, Near Eastern point of origin for domestication and agriculture
E.none of these
Q:
The earliest farming cultures in Europe likely resulted from:
A.the independent development of domestication
B.the migration of farmers from the Near East
C.the diffusion of crops and the idea of agriculture
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The primary plant crops in China were:
A.rice and wheat
B.millet and rice
C.rice and yams
D.wheat and yams
E.millet and barley
Q:
Agriculture in Asia likely occurred:
A.earliest in south Asia
B.in east Asia, then diffused to other locations
C.independently in east and south Asia
D.as a result of diffusion from the Near East
E.only in south Asia
Q:
The expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples through much of sub-Saharan Africa has been tied to what process?
A.the introduction of bananas, taro, and Asian yams
B.the development of efficient slash and burn agricultural techniques
C.the introduction of Near Eastern cereal crops
D.the development of pastoralism
E.none of these
Q:
The switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture in Egypt has been explained as the result of:
A.diffusion from the Near East
B.increasing sedentism
C.population nucleation along the Nile due to reduced rainfall
D.the lack of sufficient animal resources
E.all of these
Q:
What archaeological feature associated with the development of agriculture has been interpreted as indicative of the development of economically and socially cohesive communities in the Near East?
A.compounds of small round shelters
B.storage facilities
C.multiroom rectangular houses
D.communal burial sites
E.communal agricultural fields
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the development of plant domestication in the Near East?
A.It was preceded by a hunting and gathering economy based on small-grain grass and cereal seeds.
B.It coincides with a cooler and dryer climate.
C.It is associated with the human dispersal of cereal grasses to the stream valleys.
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Domestication may be evident in what aspect of archaeological herd demography?
A.an abundance of young males
B.the predominance of prime-age females
C.equal distribution of males and females
D.equal distribution of all age/sex classes
E.primarily older males and juvenile females
Q:
What characteristic does NOT represent a common trait of animals suited for domestication?
A.hierarchical herd structure
B.territorial
C.not prone to flight
D.will transfer allegiance to humans
E.even-tempered
Q:
What species likely represents the first domesticated animal?
A.cat
B.dog
C.horse
D.cattle
E.sheep
Q:
Which of the following represents a biochemical signature of diet?
A.the ratio of nitrogen isotopes will vary with the overall importance of seafood
B.different photosynthetic processes result in varying ratios of carbon
C.strontium and calcium ratios indicate relative importance of meat and plant foods
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Pollen is an example of what type of archaeobotanical remain?
A.macrofossil
B.feature
C.microfossil
D.cultigen
E.carbonization
Q:
Preserved seeds, tubers, and leaves are examples of:
A.cultigens
B.macrofossils
C.microfossils
D.domesticates
E.none of these
Q:
A cultigen is defined as:
A.a domesticated plant under human control
B.an animal species which is dependent on humans
C.a wild plant which is predisposed to domestication
D.the symbiotic relationship between humans and plants
E.a society which raises domesticated plants
Q:
What characteristics of wild grasses are NOT likely to have been consciously selected for by foragers in the process of domestication?
A.larger seeds
B.less tough glumes
C.more brittle rachis
D.more grains per seed head
E.structure which shatters less readily
Q:
What factor likely influenced/predisposed wild grass seeds to unconscious modification by gatherers?
A.tend to exhibit a great deal of genetic variability
B.occur in dense stands
C.quick reproductive rates
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which theorist proposed that a symbolic transformation of the pre-Neolithic world promoted the development of human agency and, ultimately, of domestication and agriculture?
A.Hodder
B.Braidwood
C.Childe
D.Binford
E.Cauvin
Q:
Ian Hodder's approach to the origins of agriculture in Europe proposes that it entailed:
A.the development of agriculture in the nuclear zone as people become increasingly inclined to the idea of domestication
B.an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination with both natural and social mechanisms
C.settlement of marginal areas due expanding human populations led to domestication as people planted seed crops outside of their native range
D.a fundamental shift in the worldview of people that occurs prior to the Neolithic revolution
E.the result of the need for people to produce a surplus to meet the demands of local kin leaders
Q:
Explanations for the origins of domestication that argue for the importance of status competition or religion are known as:
A.environmental approaches
B.humanistic approaches
C.cultural approaches
D.materialist approaches
E.determinist approaches
Q:
Which statement below best defines the packing model proposed by Binford?
A.Settlement of marginal areas due expanding human populations led to domestication as people planted seed crops outside of their native range.
B.The packing of populations around permanent water sources as a result of increased aridity in the Near East at the end of the Ice Age led to the development of domestication.
C.Dependence on native seed crops in areas of their greatest natural abundance ultimately led to domestication.
D.Increased population density required people to abandon big-game hunting in favor of plant domestication.
E.The development of sedentary villages led to domestication as a means of providing a stable food source.
Q:
The proposition that increased aridity in the Near East at the end of the Ice Age led to the development of domestication around permanent water sources is known as the:
A.Packing model
B.Oasis theory
C.Neolithic revolution
D.Nuclear zone model
E.Marginal zone model
Q:
Environmental approaches for explaining the origins of domestication argue that it represents a more intensive use of the environment caused by:
A.the inherent predisposition of humans to develop domestication in response to environmental triggers
B.some change in a society's ability to feed its members
C.the environmental changes that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The change in relationship between humans, animals, and plants whereby they share a mutually beneficial association is known as:
A.agriculture
B.transhumance
C.domestication
D.propagation
E.symbiosis
Q:
Agriculture is defined as:
A.the propagation and exploitation of plants and animals by humans
B.the process of teaching animals to be tame
C.the presence of genetic changes that render plants and animals dependent on humans
D.the intensive use of plants and animals by humans
E.the process of intentionally growing plants
Q:
Domestication is defined as:
A.the propagation and exploitation of plants and animals by humans
B.the process of teaching animals to be tame
C.the presence of genetic changes that render plants and animals dependent on humans
D.the intensive use of plants and animals by humans
E.the process of intentionally growing plants
Q:
Which of the following statements about the origins of domestication is correct?
A.It represents a universal stage in human cultural evolution.
B.It occurred independently in separate areas of the world.
C.It occurred first in the Near East, and then spread or diffused to other areas.
D.It first occurred during the Upper Paleolithic.
E.The earliest centers of domestication are likely in Western Europe.
Q:
The Neolithic Revolution is associated with:
A.the development of agriculture
B.the beginning of social differentiation
C.the development of state level societies
D.the transition to intensive hunting and gathering
E.the beginning of fully modern human behavior
Q:
The Epipaleolithic of the Near East was more dependent on wild nut and seed crops than the Mesolithic in northern Europe.
Q:
Foragers are typically associated with large, sedentary villages and dense populations.
Q:
During the early and middle Holocene, many groups adopt an intensive hunting, fishing, and gathering lifestyle.
Q:
There is clear evidence implicating humans in the extinction of many species of New World animals at the end of the Pleistocene.
Q:
Paleo-Indians almost exclusively hunted megafauna.
Q:
Evidence from the Upper Paleolithic in Asia shows that there is no evidence for occupation prior to the initial occupation of the New World.
Q:
The earliest skeletons from the New World show greater biological diversity than do modern Native Americans.
Q:
All of the alternative models to the Bering Land Bridge model require the use of watercraft.
Q:
The Bering Land Bridge represents the technologically simplest point of entry to the New World.
Q:
The Holocene epoch beings around 11,000 years ago.
Q:
A pattern of seasonal settlement movements from one resource zone to another is known as:
A.sedentism
B.transhumance
C.foraging
D.subsistence
E.none of these
Q:
Which of the following is the term for collector-type hunter-gatherers from the Near East ca. 12,000 y.a.?
A.Capsian
B.Archaic
C.Paleo-Indian
D.Kebaran
E.Natufian
Q:
Which of the following describes the primary difference between the diet of people in Northern and Western Europe and those in the Near East?
A.Diet in the Near East included more plant foods.
B.The European diet included more plant foods.
C.Diet in the Near East included more animal foods.
D.Coastal resources were much more important in the Near East.
E.Coastal resources were not exploited by European groups.
Q:
The site of Star Carr was used for what activity?
A.gathering of shell fish
B.seasonal hunting camp
C.building mounds and earthworks
D.whale hunting
E.none of these
Q:
Why did northern Europeans shift to a more meat-rich diet during the Holocene?
A.Fewer plant resources were available.
B.They domesticated wild cattle.
C.Animals became more abundant.
D.The bow allowed them to hunt more successfully.
E.only C and D
Q:
Which feature of the Archaic cultures of eastern North America suggests the presence of highly developed social organization and ritualism?
A.the potlatch ceremony
B.mounds and earthworks
C.large sedentary coastal villages
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
The practice of living in a single location for much of the year is known as:
A.sedentism
B.domestication
C.foraging
D.transhumance
E.gathering
Q:
In what area of North America did highly organized sedentary communities develop based primarily on coastal resources and without domesticated crops?
A.eastern North America
B.Northwest Coast
C.California
D.Great Basin
E.the Southwest
Q:
Which of the following constituted the primary plant resources utilized in prehistoric California?
A.pine nuts
B.chenopodium
C.acorns
D.squash
E.corn
Q:
Hunter-gatherers in Western North America, particularly the Great Basin, tended to focus on what environmental feature?
A.marshes
B.deciduous forests
C.coastal resources
D.bison herds
E.all of these
Q:
Groups with a subsistence strategy of relying on a wide range of locally available foods which are brought back to base camps are defined as:
A.collectors
B.foragers
C.seasonal extractors
D.residentially mobile
E.Paleo-Indians
Q:
Small groups who are highly mobile and typically move to seasonally available resources are known as:
A.collectors
B.foragers
C.hunter-gatherers
D.Mesolithic hunter-gatherers
E.seasonal extractors
Q:
In what way did the climate changes at the end of the Pleistocene affect technology?
A.boats become more common
B.implements for working wood become more prevalent
C.wood becomes increasingly important as a raw material
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
What factor is associated with the shift away from big game hunting in the temperate latitudes?
A.the development of new technology which allowed them to more efficiently process other resources
B.climate changes resulted in many former prey animals going extinct or becoming geographically unavailable
C.a decline in human population caused by the environmental shifts made big-game hunting difficult
D.human over hunting had reduced the populations
E.all of these
Q:
The term used to describe the post-Pleistocene cultures in the Middle East is:
A.Upper Paleolithic
B.Mesolithic
C.Epipaleolithic
D.Archaic
E.Middle Paleolithic
Q:
The term used to describe the post-Pleistocene cultures in Europe is:
A.Upper Paleolithic
B.Mesolithic
C.Epipaleolithic
D.Archaic
E.Middle Paleolithic
Q:
Which of the following best describes the changes in subsistence practices of groups during the early and middle Holocene?
A.initial systematic exploitation of fish and fowl resources
B.primarily associated with hunting megafauna
C.intensive hunting, fishing, and gathering
D.a decreased emphasis on the importance of plant foods in the diet
E.a switch away from marine resources as sea levels rise
Q:
Which of the following is best describes the current position on the role of humans in megafaunal extinctions?
A.Humans likely played only a small role in this event.
B.Humans and disease played an equal role in this event.
C.Human overhunting was the primary cause.
D.They were likely the result of an extreme period of cold at the end of the Ice Age.
E.none of these
Q:
Evidence used to support the contention that humans were primarily responsible for the Pleistocene extinctions include:
A.the timing of the arrival of humans in the New World and the extinction of large mammals
B.association between large herbivores and Paleo-Indian points
C.a similar pattern of extinction in Australia
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
The Folsom and Plano cultures are primarily associated with use in hunting what type of animal?
A.deer
B.bison
C.mammoths
D.camelids
E.sloths
Q:
Paleo-Indian subsistence is best defined as:
A.variable based on local environmental conditions
B.based mostly on marine resources
C.a uniform pattern of specialized megafauna exploitation
D.primarily associated with gathering nut and seed crops
E.focused almost exclusively on mammoths and mastodons
Q:
Fluted point technology:
A.is present at the Pre-Clovis site of Monte Verde
B.has clear precursors in northern Asia
C.has no clear Asian predecessors
D.is primarily associated with the Archaic period
E.only A and C
Q:
The Paleo-Indian is defined by what cultural feature?
A.microblade technology
B.fluted points
C.Venus figurines
D.intensive nut processing
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following sites is NOT a candidate for the earliest occupation of the New World?
A.Meadowcroft Rockshelter
B.Pedra Furada
C.Monte Verde
D.Beringia
E.Pendejo Cave
Q:
Which of the following best describes the importance of the Monte Verde site?
A.It provides solid evidence for the Bering Land Bridge Theory.
B.It conclusively links the Solutrean and Clovis cultures.
C.It provides definitive evidence for pre-Clovis occupations.
D.It is indicative of marine dependence during the Paleo-Indian period.
E.It contains evidence for the earliest skeletons in the New World.
Q:
The earliest Americans are known to have arrived in the Americas no later than:
A.45,000 y.a.
B.30,000 y.a.
C.20,000 y.a.
D.13,000 y.a.
E.8,000 y.a.
Q:
Based on the cultural data, which of the following best describes the opinion of the majority of archaeologists?
A.Native American populations originated in Asia.
B.Native American populations are the result of multiple migrations from both Asia and Western Europe.
C.Native Americas only traveled along the Bering Land Bridge route.
D.It is unclear where the Native American populations originated.
E.Many Native American populations are likely the result of boat travel from Polynesia.
Q:
Which of the following conclusions have been reached concerning variability in Native American mtDNA?
A.These populations were derived from a single northeastern Asian population.
B.There were 4-5 founding maternal lineages.
C.The populations were the result of multiple migrations starting 20,000 years ago.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The presence of morphological variability in skeletons from Asia and the Americas indicates that:
A.there were likely multiple migrations to the New World
B.humans evolved independently in the Americas
C.there was significant genetic drift among New World populations
D.non-Asian populations are likely responsible for the earliest settlement
E.the Bering Land Bridge was not a route for the entrance of humans to the New World
Q:
Which of the following best describes the physical characteristics of the earliest human skeletons from the Americas?
A.They closely resemble modern Native Americans.
B.The display generalized traits common among Ainu and Australian populations.
C.The represent a blend of Asian and European traits.
D.They resemble Upper Paleolithic European populations.
E.They do not show similarities with any other populations.
Q:
Which lines of evidence are used to support the North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor model for the peopling of the New World?
A.the presence of clear Clovis precursors in the Asian Upper Paleolithic
B.a technological connection between Clovis and the Solutrean tool technology
C.the fact that the Clovis culture immediately post-dates the Solutrean culture
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Which of the following factors is NOT used to support the Pacific Coastal Route model?
A.the colonization of Australia by 40,000 y.a.
B.the presence of early coastal sites in South America
C.the demonstrated presence of marine-adapted human populations in northeastern Asia
D.the relative lack of interior sites in North America
E.only C and D
Q:
Which model for the initial settlement is not dependent on the cycle of glacial and inter-glacial periods?
A.North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor
B.Pacific Coastal Route
C.Bering Land Bridge
D.all of these
E.none of these
Q:
Which of the following presents the primary challenge that the Bering Land Bridge represented the first route for the first humans in the New World?
A.the earliest occupations pre-date the presence of Beringia
B.many early occupations pre-date the presence of the Ice Free Corridor
C.there are no Upper Paleolithic sites in northern Asia at the time of first settlement
D.modern Native Americans are genetically unrelated to northern Asian populations
E.all of these
Q:
Which of the following best describes the nature of Upper Paleolithic occupations in northern Siberian?
A.There are no documented occupations that coincide with the presence of Beringia.
B.People were adapted to high-latitude conditions as early as 30,000 y.a.
C.The Upper Paleolithic from northern Asia were culturally and geographically capable of entering the New World.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports the Bering Land Bridge model for the peopling of the New World?
A.the age estimates for the earliest humans in North and South America
B.close geographic proximity of northeastern Asia and northwestern North America
C.presence of the Beringia 'land bridge; during the late Pleistocene
D.the documented Pleistocene migration of animals along this route
E.the linguistic and genetic similarities of Asian and Native American populations
Q:
Which theory for the settlement of the New World relies on a technological connection between the Clovis and Solutrean cultures?
A.North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor
B.Pacific Coastal Route
C.Bering Land Bridge
D.none of the above
E.both A and B
Q:
The dry land connection between Asia and America is associated with which proposed models for the entrance of people to the New World?
A.North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor
B.Pacific Coastal Route
C.Bering Land Bridge
D.none of the above
E.both B and C
Q:
The Holocene epoch is defined as:
A.the most recent geological epoch
B.the geological period beginning around 11,000 y.a.
C.a period of increased global temperatures
D.the geological period associated with the development of broadly based hunting and gathering
E.all of these
Q:
The rate of culturally and technological innovation during the Upper Paleolithic was greater than any of the preceding cultural periods.
Q:
The European Upper Paleolithic contains the earliest examples of artwork and personal adornment.
Q:
Upper Paleolithic sites were typically occupied longer and by more people.