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Q:
Which of the following features has NOT been associated with the end of Teotihuacn?
A.nutritional stress and disease
B.burning in the ritual precinct
C.gradual population decline over several centuries
D.high infant mortality
E.dismemberment of members of the nobility
Q:
Which of the following statements about the end of the Classic Period Maya civilization is INCORRECT?
A.It marks a decline in population size and social complexity of all Maya groups.
B.It is primarily felt in the lowland areas.
C.It is associated with the end of palace and temple construction.
D.It may be linked to political instability.
E.Stelae were no longer produced.
Q:
Maya writing typically involves which of the following subjects?
A.records of commerce
B.royal history
C.taxation records
D.accounts of the Spanish Conquest
E.technological manuals for metallurgy
Q:
Maya centers typically served what function?
A.commerce
B.religious ceremonies
C.socio-political centers
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
Which of the following best describes the nature of Maya political organization?
A.an empire centered at Tikal
B.territorial states encompassing many large centers
C.two independent polities in the lowland and highland areas
D.independent city states and associated local centers
E.a loose confederation of allied city-states
Q:
The Classic Maya culture existed:
A.between 1,500 and 900 BC
B.from around BC 300- AD 200
C.from roughly AD 200-900
D.from AD 900-1520
E.after the Spanish conquest
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the nature of Olmec political organization?
A.It represents the first undisputed civilization in Mesoamerica.
B.It may represent the first civilization in the Americas.
C.It contains characteristics of a chiefdom, or ranked society.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The Olmec culture was located primarily:
A.along the Gulf Coast of Mexico
B.in highland Mexico
C.along the Andean coast of South America
D.in the Amazon basin of South America
E.in the southwestern United States
Q:
The development of writing during the Shang dynasty in China was typically associated with what function?
A.recording economic transactions
B.the process of divination or prophecy
C.religious texts
D.records of the succession of royal families
E.property records
Q:
The first TRUE Chinese civilization develops around:A.8,000 y.a.B.6,000 y.a.C.5,000 y.a.D.4,000 y.a.E.2,000 y.a
Q:
What factor is associated with the concentration of wealth and the emergence of social hierarchies in the Longshan period?
A.control of irrigation technology
B.the circulation of luxury products
C.trade with the Indus Valley civilization
D.population nucleation associated with climate shifts
E.the establishment of a standing military
Q:
What of the following explanations is NOT offered to explain the demise of the Indus Valley civilizations?
A.failure of the irrigation systems
B.the presence of competing trade routes
C.inability to maintain urban centers
D.military defeat/conquest
E.destruction by flooding
Q:
Which of the following best defines a primary difference between the Indus Valley and Egyptian civilizations?
A.the presence of extensive trade
B.the degree of evidence indicating a state level form of political organization
C.the importance of intensive agriculture
D.the degree of urbanization
E.the presence of irrigation agriculture
Q:
The inhabitants of the Indus Valley urban centers:
A.had previously occupied the higher valley margins to the west
B.had previously practiced hunting and gathering in the Indus valley
C.migrated there from the upper Indus valley
D.adopted farming and herding when they settled on the valley floor
E.represent a long term sequence of occupation of the valley floor
Q:
Which of the following explanations may account for the urbanization of the Indus Valley?
A.period of drought years
B.increased warfare
C.increased threat of flooding
D.the development of increasingly productive agricultural practices
E.unification under a single ruler
Q:
The development of Egyptian writing was:
A.a complex system of pictographs
B.Egyptian in form
C.inspired by Mesopotamian writing
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
What features represent primary differences between the civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?A.the presence of a TRUE nation stateB.the degree of urbanizationC.the presence of writing systemsD.all of the aboveE.only A and B
Q:
The development of the Egyptian civilization may be linked to influence from what other early civilization?
A.Mesopotamia
B.Hierakonpolis
C.Harrappa
D.Nubia
E.Mohenjo-Daro
Q:
The decline of Sumerian civilization may be linked to:
A.constant competition between city-states
B.destruction of agricultural fertility due to irrigation
C.the presence of a prolonged drought in Mesopotamia
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
The content of most Sumerian writing concerns:
A.administrative records
B.economic issues
C.legal accounts
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The style of writing which employed a wedge shaped stylus pressed into damp clay is known as:
A.hieroglyphs
B.pictographs
C.cuneiform
D.scapulamancy
E.faience
Q:
The ziggurat, is typically associated with which ancient civilization?
A.Sumerian
B.Egyptian
C.Qin dynasty
D.Indus Valley
E.Mayan
Q:
Which of the following best describes the nature of Sumerian political organization?
A.large, loosely organized confederations of allied cities
B.autonomous city-states with smaller satellite communities and associated cropland
C.a single empire based in Uruk city
D.two independent societies located along the Upper and Lower Euphrates
E.large urban centers and autonomous rural farming communities
Q:
Where did the first TRUE civilization occur?A.IndiaB.ChinaC.MesopotamiaD.EuropeE.Egypt
Q:
The appearance of cities in Mesopotamia has been linked to which of the following factors?
A.the presence of military conflict
B.economic competition
C.the outgrowth of increased agricultural productivity
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which feature of Ubaid society likely influenced the development of community organization and cooperation?
A.the construction of massive irrigation systems
B.the development of extensive trade contacts
C.the development of an institutional bureaucracy
D.the rise of a full-time military
E.the development of a writing system
Q:
The Ubaid farmers are associated with:
A.the initial period of agriculture in the Near East
B.the settlement of the alluvial plains along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
C.the development of the first cities in India
D.the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
E.the adoption of dry-farming techniques in the Upper Euphrates valley
Q:
What common factor does Trigger propose all early civilizations share?
A.comparable periods of environmental change
B.the presence of increasingly limited access to information
C.similar solutions to the need to manage increasingly complex societies
D.all early civilizations emerged in the same basic type of environment
E.all of the above
Q:
Chang has linked the development of civilization in China to:
A.the restricted access to divine and ancestral wisdom
B.the development of irrigation systems
C.the emergence of agriculture
D.extended periods of cold and dry weather
E.the emergence of efficient transportation systems
Q:
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between climate change and the emergence of civilizations is accurate?
A.Climate change is insufficient alone to explain the rise of all civilizations.
B.Climate change always played an important role.
C.There is little correlation between climate change and the emergence of civilizations.
D.Climate change can never account for the emergence of civilizations.
E.The presence of severe drought conditions can be linked to the emergence of civilizations.
Q:
Issar and Zohar have argued that what factor was likely responsible for the development of early civilization in the Near East?
A.need to construct and maintain irrigation systems
B.periods of colder and dryer climatic conditions
C.need for a communal flood defense system
D.population growth and nucleation
E.the development of a religious hierarchy
Q:
Which of the following best defines the term "civilization"?
A.the series of stages of cultural development through which most human groups have developed
B.the larger social order and set of shared values in which states are culturally embedded
C.the modern, European social and cultural system
D.any state level society
E.all of these
Q:
The development of formal, non-kin, organization is defined as:
A.the adoption of social roles, such as adjudication, by the state
B.the end of kin relations as an important factor for the individual
C.political succession based on a system other than heredity
D.the transition from an egalitarian to a ranked structure
E.the establishment of an institutional bureaucracy
Q:
Social stratification is defined as:A.any hierarchical social systemB.the existence of TRUE social classesC.the presence of a hereditary ruling classD.all of the aboveE.only B and C
Q:
States, as defined by Fried, include what unique social characteristic?
A.hierarchical organization
B.lack of social differentiation
C.concept of citizenship
D.lack of administrative bureaucracies
E.dependence on agriculture
Q:
The earliest TRUE city was:A.JerichoB.UrukC.atalhykD.JarmoE.Mohenjo-Daro
Q:
Cities are defined by:
A.specialized occupations
B.social complexity
C.formal organization
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
The development of the first civilizations in South America was based primarily on maritime resources.
Q:
The end of Teotihuacn is associated with the destruction of religious temples.
Q:
The Olmec culture represents one of the first possible civilizations in the New World.
Q:
The earliest evidence for writing occurs in Egypt.
Q:
Military conflict played little role in the formation of the Mesopotamian cities.
Q:
The Ubaid period represents the initial settlement of the Tigris and Euphrates floodplain.
Q:
All early civilizations share a basic need to manage an increasingly complex society.
Q:
In a state level society, conflict resolution and adjudication is often resolved through kinship structures.
Q:
The term "civilization" is currently used by anthropologists to mean essentially the same as culture or society.
Q:
The earliest TRUE city is found in Mesopotamia.
Q:
Which of the following traits represents a substantial difference between Old and New World civilizations?
A.small role of domesticated animals in the New World
B.the limited role of the wheel in the New World
C.the relative degree of importance of agriculture
D.all of the above
E.only A and B
Q:
Which of the following traits is NOT characteristic of both Old and New World civilizations?
A.powerful leaders and social stratification
B.state economies based on agriculture
C.record keeping
D.importance of metallurgy
E.prominent role of warfare
Q:
An early city on the northern coast of Peru, known for its huge pyramid, unique pottery, skilled metalworking, and the rich tombs of its warrior-priests was:
A.Moche
B.Nazca
C.Cuzco
D.Tikal
E.Chavn de Huantar
Q:
Which civilization is associated with the initial development of cultural unity and centralized authority in the northern Peruvian highlands and coast?
A.Inka
B.Chavn
C.Nasca
D.Moche
E.Wari
Q:
The large temple complexes found at Sechin Alto and other related sites in Peru likely served as:
A.regional ceremonial centers
B.multi-valley market centers
C.regional redistributive centers
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
The initial appearance of political complexity in South America is likely associated with:
A.coastal groups dependent on the rich maritime resources
B.Amazonian farmers largely reliant on maize and taro
C.inland groups associated with evidence of agricultural intensification
D.highland groups practicing intensive potato-based agriculture
E.coastal groups planting maize and squash in garden plots
Q:
Which of the following Mesoamerican cities was the Aztec capital?
A.Teotihuacn
B.Tula
C.Tenochtitln
D.Monte Alban
E.Chichn Itz
Q:
Which Mesoamerican group filled the vacuum caused by the decline of Teotihuacn?
A.Inka
B.Toltecs
C.Aztecs
D.Maya
E.Olmec
Q:
Domestication in eastern North America is the result of diffusion from Mexico.
Q:
Maize represents one of the primary domesticates developed in Mexico.
Q:
The adoption of an agricultural way of life occurred very rapidly in the Near East.
Q:
Animal domestication is more readily identified through morphological changes than is plant domestication.
Q:
Macrofossils are typically preserved by being carbonized during processing or preparation.
Q:
Naturally occurring cereal grains in the Near East are inherently predisposed to genetic modification.
Q:
Ian Hodder's proposition that the origins of European agriculture entailed an emphasis on the human domination of nature is an environmental theory.
Q:
Childe's Oasis model implies that humans were predestined to develop agriculture.
Q:
Environmental explanations of domestication typically propose that some change altered a population's ability to feed its members.
Q:
The Old World constitutes the main center for the development of domestication.
Q:
What has been the overall agricultural impact on human health?
A.It has had both benefits and costs.
B.It has resulted in an overall benefit to human health.
C.Human health has decreased as a consequence of agriculture.
D.Agriculture has not significantly altered human health.
E.Humans are healthier, but have shorter life spans.
Q:
What is the primary concern regarding the relationship between agriculture and environmental diversity?
A.The lack of diversity makes it difficult for many of the areas of the world to be economically independent.
B.The lack of diversity in agricultural products has resulted in a human diet that is nutritionally deficient.
C.The increased reliance on only few, genetically homogenous species renders them highly susceptible to disease, drought, and pests.
D.The lack of diversity has resulted in decreased productivity.
E.all of these
Q:
Why are there so few hunting and gathering societies left today?
A.Changes in habitat caused by farming made it useless for hunter-gatherers.
B.Agriculture is a superior way of making a living.
C.Agriculturalists out competed them for access to land.
D.Humans are predisposed to develop agriculture; hunting and gathering is simply an evolutionary relic.
E.both A and C
Q:
How did agriculture result in a transformation in economic and social relations?
A.the presence of sedentary communities
B.the ability to produce and store a surplus
C.the increase in status differences
D.an increase in the craft specialization
E.the development of specialized technology associated with agricultural activities
Q:
Pottery represents a technological change associated with the development of domestication because:
A.it provides for an efficient means of boiling grains
B.hunter-gatherers were unfamiliar with the properties of fired clay
C.people lived in sedentary communities
D.all of the above
E.only A and C
Q:
Which of the following factors does NOT account for the increase in population size and density associated with the adoption of agriculture?
A.the possibility of earlier weaning
B.healthier, more diverse diet
C.larger and more predictable yields
D.sedentary communities
E.closer birth spacing
Q:
What factors account for the relative unimportance of farming in much of the New World prior to the arrival of Europeans?
A.An agricultural diet was not nutritionally superior.
B.Maize was difficult to harvest and process by hand.
C.Many groups continued to utilize hunting and gathering to supply sufficient protein.
D.The most productive domesticates were difficult to introduce to temperate areas.
E.all of these
Q:
Which statement(s) best describe the nature of domestication and cultivation in eastern North America?
A.It represents an independent center of domestication.
B.It included Mesoamerican crops such as maize and beans.
C.The earliest domesticates were non-food gourds.
D.all of the above
E.only B and C
Q:
The development of population density and overall cultural elaboration in the southwestern United States occurred as a result of:
A.the diffusion of maize, beans, and squash from Mexico
B.the development of an intensive system of agriculture based on local plant crops and irrigation
C.the introduction of intensive agriculture from the eastern Woodlands
D.the development of complex trade networks throughout the region
E.all of these
Q:
What is the relationship between the adoption of agriculture and climate change in South America?
A.The presence of serious periodic droughts inhibited the development of agriculture
B.Periodic droughts led to the production of crops that could be stored for future shortages.
C.Agriculture was adopted to minimize shortfalls in marine resources due to changes in sea currents.
D.The relative stability in climate in South America favored the development of agriculture and domestication.
E.none of these
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the process of the adoption of domestication in Mexico?
A.It occurred rapidly due to the productive potential of the plants.
B.It occurred gradually, largely because the crops offered greater predictability in resources.
C.It occurred gradually, because maize required a long acclimation period.
D.It was largely the product of diffusion from South America.
E.It occurred rapidly as a result of the migration of farmers from South America.
Q:
Teosinte is likely the ancestral species of what New World domesticate?
A.white potatoes
B.pumpkins
C.quinoa
D.maize
E.sunflowers
Q:
Which of the following represents a primary difference in patterns of domestication in the New and Old Worlds?
A.Plant domestication was relatively unimportant in the New World.
B.Animal domesticates were more numerous in the Old World.
C.Most Old World plant domesticates were more productive.
D.Maize constituted one of the staple crops in the Old World.
E.Animals were not domesticated in the New World.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT represent a New World domesticate?
A.maize
B.barley
C.potatoes
D.peanuts
E.quinoa
Q:
What features characterize the transition to the Neolithic pattern in northern Europe?
A.It was preceded by substantial ideological shifts, particularly the development of monuments.
B.It represents a gradual transition from intensive Mesolithic hunting and gathering.
C.It occurred rapidly and likely preceded ideological changes.
D.It was preceded by a long period of dependence on wild plant resources.
E.It is primarily the result of the migration of farmers from the Near East.