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Anthropology
Q:
According to Lee, in 1963 the !Kung had a caloric intake of about per person per day.
a. 4,000
b. 3,030
c. 2,410
d. 2,140
e. 1,890
Q:
Omohundro (Career Advice) argues that it is difficult to translate anthropological skill into terms that employers can understand, so anthropology students may have to invent some experiences that will impress job interviewers.
Q:
A complex adaptation like the human eye exists in its present form because
a. past organisms evolved and utilized a transitional form of the modern eye.
b. extreme forms of variation allowed it to evolve in a single jump.
c. it was created by a chance mutation.
d. many organisms have eyes.
Q:
Which of the following was likely the first adaptation to occur during the evolution of the human eye?
a. A protective cover and internal structures
b. A depression where information about light and light movement is collected
c. A simple, light-sensitive photo receptor
d. Neural machinery for image processing
Q:
When people feel that a policy is wrong, but accept it because they value the government that makes the policy, they are giving a kind of support called
a. legitimacy.
b. coercion.
c. authority.
d. leadership.
e. self-redress.
Q:
In his article, Lee claims that when he studied them in the 1960s, !Kung
a. ate all of the edible plants and animals found in their environment.
b. lived in camps each of which had a defended territory.
c. enjoyed a large amount of leisure time.
d. had to move every few days in search of scarce food stuffs.
e. showed clear signs of malnutrition.
Q:
How do complex adaptations usually evolve?
a. By a single large step due to a highly adaptive mutation
b. By many small steps, but only when each is an improvement over the last step
c. By many small steps, but only when each has a minimal effect on fitness
d. By single large steps, but only when natural selection is strong
Q:
In his article "Career Advice for Anthropology Undergraduates," Omonundro labels the process of translating his students' anthropology skills into language employers can understand as "trans-cultural self-presentation."
Q:
Darwin believed that when a new species arises, it does so bya. immediately achieving a distinct, discontinuous form.b. achieving perfection through natural selection in the first try.c. gradually accumulating small changes.d. following God's will.
Q:
Discontinuous variation is unlikely to lead to new species becausea. quick changes are never found in the fossil record.b. complex adaptations are unlikely to occur in a single jump.c. selection cannot act on discontinuous variation.d. it allows for only small incremental changes.
Q:
Anything that contributes to the adoption of public policy and its enforcement is called
a. authority.
b. coercion.
c. legitimacy.
d. support.
e. leadership.
Q:
Many of Darwin's contemporaries argued that discontinuous variation is the reason that complex traits evolve. However, Darwin reasoned that discontinuous traits do not play a major role because evolutiona. happens only in large leaps. b. occurs by singular, chance events.c. occurs very rapidly.d. is a gradual process.
Q:
According to Lee and Biesele, by 1994 Ju/"Hoansi !Kung were
a. living in mud-walled houses behind makeshift stockades.
b. living in circular, tight-knit villages.
c. obtaining about 70 percent of their food through hunting and gathering.
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
Q:
According to Omohundro (Career Advice), students approach the job market with over- confidence because they are ignorant of the real requirements of getting a job.
Q:
Achondroplasia is a genetic adaptation that causes affected individuals to be much shorter than other people. This adaptation is an example ofa. convergence. b. gene flow.c. discontinuous variation.d. outbreeding.
Q:
Discontinuous variation occurs when
a. no real variation is apparent between forms.
b. variants come in distinct forms.
c. variants come in a smooth distribution from one extreme to another.
d. only one extreme variant exists.
Q:
The people whom a policy will affect are called the
a. public.
b. faction.
c. state.
d. tribe.
e. band.
Q:
Continuous variation occurs when
a. no real variation is apparent between forms.
b. variants come in distinct forms.
c. variants come in a smooth distribution from one extreme to another.
d. only one extreme variant exists.
Q:
According to Lee, the most important staple in the diet of the !Kung when studied in 1963 was
a. taro root.
b. the mongongo nut.
c. giraffe meat.
d. a kind of bitter berry.
e. ostrich eggs.
Q:
Despite its detrimental nature, cannibalism can evolve by natural selection becausea. cannibalistic groups are ferocious enough to scare predators away.b. individuals who cannibalize have higher fitness than those who do not.c. natural selection is always immoral.d. cannibalistic individuals kill off the rest of their population and have no mates left to reproduce with.
Q:
Omohundro (Career Advice) points out that many professors hesitate to give their students career advice because they don"t believe they know enough about careers, because people change careers often these days, and because many of them have a prejudice against vocationalism.
Q:
The right to make and enforce public policy is called
a. coercion.
b. authority.
c. support.
d. legitimacy.
e. leadership.
Q:
When all females have high fecundity, a population can be driven to extinction. This occurs because ofa. natural selection. b. convergence.c. blending inheritance.d. continuous variation.
Q:
Lee feels that the key to successful subsistence for many hunter-gatherers, such as the !Kung, is
a. the presence of large game animals.
b. adequate defense against the encroachment of other hunting and gathering groups.
c. dietary selectivity.
d. dependence largely on a diet of edible plants.
e. band loyalty and membership stability.
Q:
Fecundity is defined as the ability ofa. a population to have variation.b. an individual to compete for resources.c. an individual to survive to adulthood.d. an individual to produce offspring.
Q:
Natural selection generally produces adaptations that are
a. harmful to both individuals and groups.
b. helpful to individuals but harmful to groups.
c. harmful to individuals but helpful to groups.
d. not successful unless every member of the group survives and reproduces.
Q:
Natural selection usually acts upon and produces adaptations at the level of thea. gene. b. individual.c. group.d. species.
Q:
According to Omohundro (Career Advice), it is difficult to translate the skills learned as an anthropology major into those required in the world of work because anthropology is such a different and esoteric discipline.
Q:
When disputes are settled through a community meeting that provides for an informal airing of the conflict, we term this kind of settlement process a(n)
a. ordeal.
b. self-redress.
c. court.
d. moot.
e. contest.
Q:
According to Richard Lee, in 1963 !Kung men
a. supplied between 20 and 40 percent of the calories consumed by members of a camp.
b. hunted almost every day to bag sufficient food for people's daily needs.
c. collected approximately 70 percent of the edible vegetable foods.
d. began hunting regularly before they are ten years old.
e. most often used hunting nets to bag game.
Q:
Species are best described as populations of organisms that
a. are best adapted to their environment.
b. assume some fixed characteristics.
c. are dynamic.
d. cannot be modified or go extinct.
Q:
After a drought, a scientist collects dead birds and finds that most of the individuals that did not survive to adulthood have either small or large beaks. Given this pattern, how would you expect selection to act on the population?
a. Selection will not change the mean beak size.
b. Selection will make the mean beak size in the population smaller.
c. Selection will make the mean beak size in the population larger.
d. The entire population will die out.
Q:
If a population is in stasis (an unchanging state), then
a. the population is in its natural state.
b. natural selection is not acting on the population.
c. the most common type of individual is consistently favored by stabilizing selection.
d. the most common type of individual is consistently favored by disruptive selection.
Q:
According to Omohundro (Career Advice), anthropology majors have a difficult time knowing how to apply for a job because they live in a society where there are an enormous number of different jobs and where their lives have been separated from the world of work during childhood and college.
Q:
A feud is an example of
a. coercion.
b. self-redress.
c. a legal dispute.
d. an infralegal dispute.
e. an extralegal dispute.
Q:
Over the 30 years since Lee first described them, the Ju/"Hoansi !Kung have come to live in permanent villages and have become much less dependent on foraging to meet their subsistence needs.
Q:
When the Daphne Major finches reach a point where the costs of a having beak larger than average size outweigh the benefits, beak size will begin to stay the same, and the population will achieve a(n) ________ state.a. direction b. trendc. equilibriumd. drift
Q:
Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?a. Both small and large individuals survive, but medium individuals die off.b. Only large individuals survive.c. The proportion of small and large individuals remains the same.d. Neither small nor large individuals survive.
Q:
According to McCurdy, an anthropologist was hired to find out why customers of a utility company failed to reduce energy consumption despite their claims that they were trying to conserve. He discovered that
a. customers were lying.
b. thermostats were faulty.
c. meters were faulty.
d. house insulation was usually insufficient.
e. fathers turned down thermostats, other family members turned them up.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of directional selection?a. Both small and large individuals survive.b. Only large individuals survive.c. The proportion of small and large individuals remains the same.d. Neither small nor large individuals survive.
Q:
A dispute that is below the level of the legal process is a(n)
a. legal dispute.
b. extra legal dispute.
c. infralegal dispute.
d. feud.
e. war.
Q:
Natural selection acted on the medium ground finch on Daphne Major becausea. birds with medium beak sizes experienced higher mortality.b. a drought changed the environment where the finches lived.c. offspring of finches with small beaks did not survive the juvenile period.d. the population reached equilibrium.
Q:
One reason the study of !Kung subsistence patterns is so important is the rarity of the case; the !Kung had had no contact with other people until the study began in 1963.
Q:
During 1976 on the Galpagos Island of Daphne Major, Peter and Rosemary Grant found evidence of natural selection by adaptation when they observed that
a. finches with shallow beaks were less likely to survive and reproduce than finches with deep beaks.
b. finch beak size had no effect on survival rates.
c. many more small seeds were available for the finches to eat.
d. more finches with deep beaks died than finches with shallow beaks.
Q:
McCurdy claims that in many companies, newly installed managers tend to
a. listen to their employees' suggestions.
b. ask employees to teach them the new job.
c. leave their employees alone.
d. impose a new agenda on their employees.
e. none of the above
Q:
The cultural knowledge that people use to settle disputes by means of agents who have recognized authority is called
a. law.
b. politics.
c. a court.
d. self-redress.
e. a moot.
Q:
Even though natural selection was named after the artificial selection that plant and animal breeders use, it really refers toa. the survival of the physically fit.b. the reproduction of traits from generation to generation.c. the selective retention of variation in a population.d. the variable ability of species to survive and reproduce.
Q:
According to Lee, in 1963 the !Kung have more leisure time than average Americans.
Q:
For natural selection to occur, variation must exist. This is true because without variation
a. there is no way for change to occur between generations.
b. the one trait that exists is always advantageous, and change is not necessary.
c. there is no competition among individuals.
d. traits are never inherited by offspring.
Q:
Four of the following are problems experienced by customer outlet staff according to McCurdy (Using Anthropology). Which one is not?
a. Incorrect amounts of materials arriving at customer outlets.
b. Frayed and worn books and other damaged materials arrived at customer outlets.
c. Wrong materials were sent from the central warehouse.
d. There were late deliveries of materials sent from the warehouse.
e. Warehouse inventory amounts were often wrong.
Q:
The postulates that make up Darwin's theory of adaptation include all of the following EXCEPT
a. any given environment can support only a certain number of individuals.
b. variation affects the ability of individuals to survive and reproduce.
c. individuals always compete with each other physically.
d. variation is passed from parents to offspring.
Q:
According to anthropologists, all human disputes are dealt with by legal systems, not just ones that go to a formal court.
Q:
Charles Darwin is known for his revolutionary argument that
a. plants and animals are not designed by God and do not change over time.
b. plants and animals change slowly over time.
c. fossil plants and animals changed, but existing plants and animals do not.
d. plants and animals are created by chance and then evolve through divine intervention.
Q:
Before Charles Darwin proposed his theory of natural selection by adaptation, many scholars argued that adaptations are proof that
a. evolution is a process based on random chance alone.
b. because of their ability to adapt quickly, humans are better than all other species.
c. God exists and designs all things to fit a specific purpose.
d. there is no way that God can exist.
Q:
Lee found that in 1963, from 60 to 90 percent of the !Kung diet consisted of meat brought back to camp by the men.
Q:
McCurdy (Using Anthropology) argues that is an important skill that people who study anthropology can take into daily life.
a. ethnography
b. knowledge of particular cultures
c. the ability to conduct survey research
d. knowledge of cross-cultural economics
e. ethnology
Q:
Influential nineteenth-century scientists like Charles Darwin concluded that the complex adaptations we see in plants and animals are problematic and require a special explanation because
a. a divine creator designed them.
b. it is very unlikely that they arose by random chance alone.
c. they occur in most plants and animals.
d. they have no real function.
Q:
A feud is a good example of a kind of support called coercion.
Q:
Which of the following is an adaptation?
a. The human eye.
b. Design by a divine creator.
c. Both the human and the fish eye, but humans are better adapted to their environments than fish are to theirs.
d. The Grand Canyon.
Q:
Adaptations are defined as the components of an organism thata. allow it to survive and reproduce. b. allow it to evolve more rapidly.c. occur by random chance alone.d. absolutely never change.
Q:
Richard Lee claims that the consumption of edible plants, rather than meat, was the key to successful subsistence for the !Kung in 1963.
Q:
According to McCurdy (Using Anthropology), the first thing a new manager at UTC did after assuming a new position was to
a. shrink-wrap books in the warehouse.
b. ask warehouse workers, customer outlet staff, and other employees about problems and procedures.
c. ask previous warehouse managers for advice.
d. change the counting and shipping procedures in the warehouse.
e. devise a new set of incentives to improve work output.
Q:
The primary means of gaining conformity and order from individual members of a society is through enculturation.
Q:
According to Part 3 of Conformity and Conflict, the relationship of an organism to other elements within its environmental sphere is called
a. ecology.
b. cultural ecology.
c. the physical environment.
d. the cultural environment.
e. biointeraction.
Q:
McCurdy (Using Anthropology) reports that an anthropologist who works as a consultant discovered that Chicago area natural gas consumers lied on questionnaires when they said they were trying to conserve energy.
Q:
When the members of a society permit two people to settle a dispute by fighting each other, we call their action self-redress and classify it as part of the legal system.
Q:
Which one of the following subsistence strategies would most typically be found to support permanent settlements containing between 50 and 250 people?
a. hunting and gathering
b. horticulture
c. agriculture
d. industrial
e. pastoral
Q:
According to McCurdy (Using Anthropology), over half the PhDs in anthropology each year find employment outside of academia.
Q:
The process of making and carrying out public policy according to cultural categories and rules is called the political system.
Q:
Four of the following are listed as subsistence strategies in Part 3 of Conformity and Conflict. Which one of the following is not?
a. pastoral
b. hunting and gathering
c. agricultural
d. manufacturing
e. horticultural
Q:
According to McCurdy (Using Anthropology), one disadvantage of using the ethnographic approach in management is that workers come to feel that no one cares about them.
Q:
If a dictator forces people to adhere to his policies by using force, his actions would not fall under the definition of support.
Q:
If a society uses irrigation, its food-getting (subsistence) system would best be classified as
a. agriculture.
b. horticulture.
c. pastoral.
d. hunting and gathering.
e. hydraulic.
Q:
As he describes it in his article on the uses of anthropology, McCurdy notes that one of the problems at UTC was that warehouse workers failed to count books correctly.
Q:
A leader is a person who obtains power through authority.
Q:
Slash-and-burn agriculture would best be classified as a kind of which one of the following adaptive strategies?
a. hunting and gathering
b. horticulture
c. agriculture
d. pastoralism
e. industrialism
Q:
According to McCurdy, ethnographers work largely by administering and analyzing questionnaires.
Q:
Any guidelines that can lead directly to action are called "policy."
Q:
The fact that a tourist sees scenic mountains and valleys when viewing a high pass in the Rocky Mountains, whereas a geologist sees cirque basins, U-shaped valleys, and paternoster streams, illustrates the concept of
a. ecosystem.
b. cultural ecology.
c. physical environment.
d. cultural environment.
e. scientific impartiality.
Q:
According to Stryker (Ethnography in the Public Interest), the ethnographic project she directed was asked by the state to assess
a. how women access health care in prison.
b. the effects of overcrowding.
c. whether the position of MTA should be abolished.
d. how much female inmates should be paid for their work.
e. whether inmates receive enough exercise.