Q&A Hero

Q: The possible genotype(s) of a pea plant with yellow seeds isa. AA. b. aa.c. Aa.d. both a and c.

Q: If you have two parents with the genotype Aa, what is the chance that they will have an offspring with the genotype AA?a. 1/8 b. 1/2c. 1/4d. 1/16

Q: Jared Diamond (Domestication and the Evolution of Disease) argues that crowd diseases such as smallpox evolved in the old world because of population growth and high density, the domestication of animals, and the advent of extensive trade.

Q: A pea plant with only green seeds isa. homozygous recessive. b. always tall.c. an example of blending inheritance.d. heterozygous.

Q: According to Harris (Life without Chiefs), hunter/gathers had no formal leaders. Instead there were headmen who were respected people but who had no authority to command anyone to do anything.

Q: According to Nelson (Eskimo Science), if one is attacked by a polar bear at close quarters it is best to jump away from its left paw because a. polar bears are left handed (pawed). b. polar bears tend to look left when they attack people. c. polar bears attack to their left almost all the time. d. the claws on the polar bear's right paw are sharper. e. none of the above

Q: Reduction of chromosome number occurs duringa. recombination. b. meiosis.c. somatic cell formation.d. linked genes.

Q: Mitosis a. results in half the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells. b. results in either sperm or egg. c. results in a daughter cell that has the exact copy of the chromosomes of its parent. d. results in an egg only.

Q: According to Sutherland, officials in the American justice system often a. view Gypsies as a criminal society. b. trump up evidence against Gypsies. c. deny Gypsy defendants their rights while they are in jail. d. two of the above e. a, b, and c above

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) reports that Inupiaq hunters can predict the ________ based on the behavior of seals, dogs, and sea currents. a. location of polar bears b. appearance of walruses c. coming of spring d. appearance of caribou e. approach of squalls

Q: Homologous chromosomes a. come in pairs. b. move together into the gametes during meiosis. c. are found only in mammals. d. have three codons.

Q: Chromosomes are contained ina. the gametes of prokaryotes. b. the nuclei of eukaryotes.c. the ribosomes.d. the mitochondria.

Q: According to Sutherland (The Case of the Offender), Gypsies find which of the following things polluting (marime)? a. relatives from other vitsas. b. non-Gypsies. c. food prepared by non-Gypsies that is not in some sort of package or container. d. two of the above e. a, b, and c above

Q: Mendel's second principle (of independent assortment) states that a. eggs and sperm are formed independently of one another. b. transmission includes both blending and particulate inheritance. c. particles inherited from the mother and the father are equally likely to be transmitted to offspring. d. particles inherited from the mother are more likely to be transmitted to female offspring and particles inherited from the father are more likely to be transmitted to male offspring.

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) notes that humans have been hunters and gathers for ________ percent of their time on earth. a. 75 b. 80 c. 90 d. 99 e. 99.8

Q: The case of the Gypsy defendant described by Sutherland represents a good illustration of what happens when a. a foreign people takes advantage of a lenient judicial system. b. police exceed the law in their eagerness to fight crime. c. greedy lawyers misrepresent their non-American clients. d. anthropological testimony is misused in court. e. a normal practice for one group is a crime for another.

Q: Mendel's first principle (of segregation) states that a. characteristics from the parents blend together to produce intermediate offspring. b. characteristics from the parents do not blend together in offspring. c. only paternally derived characteristics segregate into gametes during meiosis. d. only maternally derived characteristics segregate into gametes during meiosis.

Q: Gametesa. are not involved in the transmission of genes.b. are the sex cells, or eggs and sperm.c. do not differ between male and female animals.d. were discovered by Darwin.

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) reports that Koyukon hunters were able discover the den of a hibernating bear by a. spotting its close proximity to a seal blow hole. b. spotting traces of its fur on nearby tree trunks. c. noticing an absences of grass, and indentations in the snow indicating footprints in the moss below. d. listening carefully for its slow measured breathing. e. noticing that other animals avoided the area as indicated by a lack of their tracks in the snow.

Q: Cross-breeding the offspring of true-bred green and yellow peas led to ________ in the second generation.a. only green individuals surviving the first days of lifeb. a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green offspringc. yellowish green individualsd. half the offspring being green and the other half yellow

Q: Sutherland reports that for Gypsies, going to jail a. often provides needed time to recover from alcoholism. b. helps them learn English and skills that facilitate getting real jobs in American society. c. is welcomed because they finally get enough to eat there. d. is an especially cruel punishment because it separates them from their kin. e. is hard on them because they are targeted by other inmates as easy prey.

Q: A cross between true-breeding plants bearing yellow seeds produces offspring bearinga. all yellow seeds. b. 1/2 yellow and 1/2 green seeds.c. 3 yellow seeds and 1 green seed.d. all green seeds.

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) spent years conducting fieldwork among the a. Iroquois and Creek. b. Inupiaq and Koyukon. c. Salish and Ojibwa. d. Apache and Huron e. Nacirema and Snaidanac

Q: Chromosomes area. composed of ribonucleic acid. b. attached to organelles.c. replicated during cell division.d. made of proteins.

Q: According to Sutherland (the Case of the Gypsy Offender), Gypsies treat social security numbers as a. unimportant, because they don"t use social security. b. corporate property of their kin group, the vitsa. c. a way to defraud banks so that they can get illegal loans. d. a source of prestige, because they believe higher numbers bring greater success. e. something to be traded among themselves for cash.

Q: What major difficulty did Darwin have with his theory of natural selection?

Q: According to Nelson (Eskimo Science) the approach to hunting by Inupiaq and Koryukon hunters isa. similar in many ways to that used by Western Scientists.b. less effective than hunting techniques used by Western hunters.c. more sensitive to animal behavior than the findings achieved by systematic "scientific" animal behavior studies.d. more destructive of natural resources than Western approaches to scavenging.e. none of the above

Q: Sutherland (The Case of the Gypsy Offender) notes that the lawyer defending a young Gypsy man of using a relative's social security number argued in court that a. the Gypsy had not intended to commit a crime when he used the number. b. the Gypsy used the number because of a fear of pollution (marime) from non-Gypsies. c. Gypsies did not traditionally use social security so social security numbers had no importance to them. d. two of the above e. none of the above

Q: How has an understanding of artificial selection aided our current comprehension of natural selection?

Q: When does selection produce evolutionary change relatively quickly? Provide at least two pieces of evidence to support your answer.

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) reported that Alaska's Koyukon hunters are able to discover the dens of bears by looking for the slight depressions in the snow that indicate footprints in the underlying moss.

Q: According to Sutherland (The Case of the Gypsy Offender), a young Gypsy man was indicted by the government for a. hiding his identity from authorities. b. stealing cars. c. using a relative's social security number. d. refusing to eat jail food. e. lying to authorities about his real American name.

Q: What is convergent evolution? Using examples from your text, explain why convergent evolution provides evidence that complex adaptations do not occur by random chance alone.

Q: How does natural selection produce complex, functionally integrated adaptations like the human eye?

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) reported that the Inupiaq were more successful hunter than the Koyukon Indians of Alaska because they engaged in more systematic observations of their natural environment.

Q: Sutherland notes that the young Gypsy man she helped to defend in court refused to eat jail food as a protest for not being allowed to call his relatives.

Q: Do adaptations always benefit the group, population, or species? Why or why not? Use real or hypothetical examples to illustrate your answer.

Q: Under what circumstances is selection NOT directional? Illustrate your answer with at least one example. Use your answer to explain why scientists must understand stabilizing selection in order to accurately describe evolutionary processes.

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) learned that bears are typically left handed (pawed).

Q: What three conditions did Darwin conclude are necessary for natural selection to take place? Support your answer by either providing a real example from the chapter or coming up with a reasonable hypothetical example of how evolution operates. Be sure to discuss the role of the environment in your answer.

Q: According to Omohundro (Career Advice), which of the following are skills that anthropology BAs will find useful in the world of work? a. using statistics b. interviewing c. analyzing craft techniques d. two of the above e. a, b, and c above

Q: Sutherland argues that Gypsies hide their personal identity as a way to combat persecution by members of the societies in which they live.

Q: Charles Darwin did not always agree with his contemporaries. What were some of his revolutionary ideas? Describe how these ideas were different from the mainstream beliefs of the nineteenth century. Lastly, discuss why we are still talking about these ideas today.

Q: Why did Darwin's contemporaries believe that natural selection could not move a population beyond its initial range of variation? a. Because selection cannot permanently change a population b. Because selection does not produce new variants c. Because selection can only act to stabilize variants d. Because small increments of change are highly advantageous and cannot be bred out through blending

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) notes that the environmental knowledge of Koyukon Indians and the Inupiaq cannot rival information gained by more systematic, Western scientific observation and testing.

Q: Due to the difficulties that Darwin faced, his contemporaries continued to believe all of the following EXCEPT a. new species arise by discontinuous variation. b. new species arise by small steps. c. new species arise in a single step. d. new species can form rapidly.

Q: According to Omohundro (Career Advice), it takes the average undergraduate BA _______ year(s) after graduation to find employment. a. two b. three c. two and one-half d. one-half to one e. one and one-half

Q: According to Sutherland, the largest group to which Gypsies belong is called the vitsa.

Q: Why was natural selection difficult for Darwin to fully explain? a. Natural selection reduces variation. b. Natural selection acts by removing only variants of highest fitness. c. Natural selection acts by removing only variants of the lowest fitness. d. Natural selection does not actually remove any variants in real life.

Q: Based on blending inheritance, which Darwin and his contemporaries believed in, if a finch with a large beak depth mates with a finch with a small beak depth, then the offspring will havea. beaks with small depth. b. beaks with medium depth.c. beaks with large depth.d. beaks with random depth.

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) argues that the Eskimo's knowledge of the animals in their cold environment rivals that of Western trained scientists.

Q: Which of the following provides an example of why Jenkin called Darwin's ideas incompatible? a. Tall and short individuals are not able to breed with one another because they look different. b. If tall and short individuals breed with one another, all of their offspring will be short, and variation will disappear. c. If tall and short individuals breed with one another, all of their offspring will be tall, and variation will disappear. d. If tall and short individuals breed with one another, all offspring will be intermediate in height, and variation will disappear.

Q: Omonundro (Career Advice) notes that James Spradley observed that a. young people in simpler societies often feel anxiety about the transition to the adult world of work. b. young people in simpler societies do not need to learn work skills because work is not complex in such groups. c. young people in complex societies have a difficult time knowing how to chose and obtain a job. d. young people in any society find it difficult to move into a career. e. none of the above

Q: Sutherland (The Case of the Gypsy Offender) describes a case in which a young Gypsy man was falsely accused of fraud by police in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Q: Darwin could not convince his contemporaries of natural selection because a. Darwin thought that discontinuous variation was important for evolution. b. they believed in genetic inheritance. c. Darwin believed in blending inheritance, which reduces variation. d. they believed that traits were inherited from only one parent.

Q: Which of the following is an example of blending inheritance? a. A tall individual marries a short individual, and all of their offspring are intermediate in height. b. All of the domestic breeds of dogs that are alive today are descended from a wolf ancestor. c. Offspring from two unrelated species of cats have similar saber-toothed adaptations. d. A red-headed individual marries an individual with black hair, and all of their offspring have black hair.

Q: Nelson (Eskimo Science) notes that Alaska's Koyukon Indians and Inupiaq have benefited from the science courses they have taken at newly government-established boarding schools.

Q: According to Omohundro (Career Advice), many anthropology professors hesitate to give career advice because they a. don"t believe they know enough about the world of work. b. do not believe anthropology is useful for anything. c. have an aversion to "vocationalism." d. two of the above e. a, b, and c above

Q: One of the things that Darwin had difficulty explaining was how inheritance worke d. Why was inheritance so difficult for Darwin? a. The prevailing theory of inheritance was based on random mating. b. The prevailing theory of inheritance was incompatible with the maintenance of variation. c. The prevailing theory of inheritance implied that variation was not inherited from parents. d. The prevailing theory of inheritance implied that too much variation exists for natural selection to operate.

Q: According to Sutherland (The Case of the Gypsy Offender), Gypsies frequently take one another's social security numbers in order to hide their identity.

Q: Theoretical studies of the evolution of the eye revealed that a. approximately 1,800 incremental changes of 1% could allow the eye to evolve from a single photo receptor to a spherical gradient lens. b. it would take more than 10 million years for the eye to evolve in an aquatic species with a short generation time. c. it was built by artificial selection in no more than 500 years. d. after 1,800 changes, an eye would still be in the photo receptor phase.

Q: According to Lee and Biesele, in order to survive today, the Ju/"Hoansi Kung will have to a. find new sources of wild foods. b. specialize in the manufacture of trade goods for tourists. c. take jobs in nearby cities in order to earn cash. d. form borehole syndicates and stake out ranches to protect their foraging areas. e. open reproductions of traditional foraging camps in order to attract tourists.

Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of how selection is able to produce complex evolutionary changes in remarkably short periods of time? a. Using artificial selection, people intentionally created dozens of different forms of domesticated pigeons in just a few hundred years. b. A study of fish from the genus Poeciliopsis shows that short generation times allowed three different types of placenta to evolve in less than 2.4 million years. c. Theoretical studies of the evolution of the eye in an aquatic organism show that because of a short generation time, a complex eye could evolve in less than a million years. d. The fossil record indicates that the human brain took 2 million years to double in size.

Q: What is unique about evolution by means of artificial selection (for example, domestic dogs)? a. It takes longer because there is no selection pressure. b. Stabilizing selection commonly occurs. c. Selection pressure occurs in fits and starts. d. It can occur rapidly because selection pressure is constant.

Q: According to Omohundro (Career Advice), the process of connecting one's anthropological skills with skills employers are looking for is called a. indexicality. b. anthro-shock. c. trans-cultural self-presentation. d. ethnographic translation. e. network participatory presentation.

Q: Sutherland (The Case of the Gypsy Offender) presents the description of a legal case in which a nineteen-year-old Gypsy boy is convicted of using someone else's social security number despite the fact that he had no intention of defrauding anyone.

Q: In order for the medium ground finch to evolve into the large ground finch over a 46-year period, what environmental scenario would have to occur? a. No selective pressure from the environment b. Constant selective pressure from the environment c. An isolated fit of extreme selective pressure from the environment followed by no selective pressure at all d. Constantly changing selective pressure from the environment

Q: Four of the following statements about the !Kung as Lee describes their lives in 1963 are true. Which one is not? a. They normally live in a "core area" about 6 miles in circumference. b. The proportion of old people to the rest of the population is about the same as that of modern industrial society. c. Boys and girls usually assume food collecting activities on a regular basis at puberty. d. They have much more leisure time than Americans. e. none of the above

Q: What does the Grants' study of medium ground finches tell us about evolution by means of natural selection? a. New species cannot form. b. A new species can form only when natural selection operates consistently in one direction for a few million years. c. Evolution can change only single traits within a species. d. New species normally take thousands to millions of years to arise because natural selection pressures operate in fits and starts.

Q: Using the rate of change that the Grants observed in the medium ground finch, and assuming a selection event only occurs once every century, how rapidly would you predict that a species of finch like the large ground finch could evolve? a. It would take millions of years for only beak size to evolve. b. The medium ground finch could evolve into the large ground finch in 20 years. c. Natural selection could produce a new species of ground finch in a few thousand years. d. Because selection generally pushes constantly in one direction, a new species of ground finch could evolve in a single century.

Q: How fast does evolution by natural selection take place?a. It is such a slow process that a single adaptation requires millions of years.b. It is so slow that it cannot be seen in the fossil record.c. It is fast enough that several new species can evolve from other forms in a few million years.d. It is so rapid that new species often evolve in a matter of decades.

Q: According to Omohundro (Career Advice) anthropology BAs can speed up the process of finding a job after graduation by a. taking remedial computer courses following graduation. b. telling prospective employers the kinds of anthropological experiences they have had. c. learning to identify their anthropological skills, the skills employers need, and the rsum language necessary to communicate the skills to employers. d. learning some of the basic ways to present themselves at interviews, such as how to dress, how to sit, how to talk, and how to show interest. e. learning to be more humble and less self aggrandizing.

Q: The process of making and carrying out public policy through the use of culturally defined categories and rules is called a. the political system. b. legitimacy. c. coercion. d. the infra legal system. e. authority.

Q: An important point stressed by Lee (The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari) about the Ju/"Hoansi !Kung he studied in 1963 was that a. both adults and children had to work every day to insure a sufficient food supply. b. the !Kung had to use virtually all of the edible plants and animals in their environment in order to survive in the desert. c. life in the state of nature was not necessarily nasty, brutish, and short. d. meat provided more calories in the !Kung diet than other foods. e. none of the above

Q: A South American marsupial cat and a North American placental cat existed 10,000 years ago and shared a tree shrew-like common ancestor about 120 million years before that. Both of these animals evolved a saber-toothed adaptation. What does the presence of this complex trait mean? a. Tree shrews have saber teeth. b. The same complex adaptation evolved twice independently. c. Saber teeth are very common. d. North American and South American cat populations were interbreeding.

Q: The morphology of the marsupial wolf of Tasmania is very similar to that of the placental wolves of Eurasia. This is an example ofa. blending inheritance. b. convergent evolution.c. essentialism.d. continuous variation.

Q: Citing survey evidence, Omohundro (Career Advice) notes that over 70 percent of the graduates polled thought that anthropology was useful to them at work and that 74 percent were glad they had majored in the subject.

Q: Convergent evolution provides evidence that complex adaptations are not a matter of mere coincidence because a. evolution always occurs in very different ways. b. the same process of evolution can occur independently in unrelated species. c. the process of evolution is biologically determined and not flexible. d. no two species ever end up with similar traits.

Q: Convergent evolution occurs a. when all members of a species become more similar. b. as a result of stabilizing selection. c. when natural selection produces similar adaptations in unrelated species. d. when individuals have equal fitness.

Q: Which one of the following has not been used by at least one society as a legal structure for settling disputes? a. moot b. go-between c. ordeal d. self-redress e. none of the above