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Q:
According to Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative), second generation Puerto Rican men from New York's Spanish Harlem often turned to selling crack cocaine instead of taking jobs in offices because their
a. street culture made it degrading for them to take orders from female managers.
b. the way they looked and walked often frightened middle class Anglos on the job.
c. lack of education made it impossible for them to get any but the lowest ranking jobs. d. None of the above
e. a, b, and c above.
Q:
Although it would be advantageous for animals to be large enough to be invulnerable to predators, but agile enough to leap considerable distances, ________ make(s) this evolutionarily impossible.a. behavioral plasticity b. physical constraints c. genetic driftd. gene flow
Q:
The compound eye cannot evolve into the camera-type eye because
a. natural selection does not change adaptations.
b. the compound eye is always superior to the camera-type eye.
c. the compound eye is a local optimum.
d. the camera-type eye is a local optimum.
Q:
Genetic drift can
a. cause isolated populations to become more similar to one another.
b. cause isolated populations to diverge from one another.
c. lead to genotyping of populations.
d. lead to karyotyping of populations.
Q:
Genetic drift always causes
a. changes in gene frequencies that are random with respect to adaptation.
b. adaptive changes in gene frequencies.
c. maladaptive changes in gene frequencies.
d. no change in gene frequencies.
Q:
Genetic drift is strongest ina. small populations. b. large populations. c. medium-size populations.d. populations out of equilibrium.
Q:
Humans have a nearly insatiable appetite for sugar, fat, and salt because
a. we are in perfect equilibrium with regard to such appetites.
b. these appetites are always adaptive.
c. such appetites were adaptive in ancient environments.
d. these appetites are adaptive in our modern environment.
Q:
According to Skinner, as noted by Gmelch, once established, magic requires to be maintained.
a. regular rewards
b. sporadic rewards
c. formal instruction
d. uncertainty
e. all of the above
Q:
A correlated response to selection occurs when selectiona. indirectly increases a trait that has no effect on survival.b. directly increases a trait that has a negative effect on survival.c. is disruptive.d. is stabilizing.
Q:
Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative) argues that the most important reason that second generation Puerto Rican men living in Spanish Harlem find it unpleasant to work in New York City's professional offices is
a. the work pays too little.
b. they feel they are treated with disrespect.
c. they are not physically strong enough to work at such jobs.
d. they can"t get to work because they are too poor to own cars.
e. they speak no English..
Q:
The baseball activity over which players have the least control, according to Gmelch, is
a. pitching.
b. hitting.
c. fielding.
d. bench warming.
e. arguing with the umpire.
Q:
Constraints on adaptation includea. uncorrelated characters. b. equilibrium. c. local adaptations.d. population genetics.
Q:
When a population reaches fixation,
a. disequilibrium has occurred.
b. it has lost one of the two alleles that code for a character.
c. the mean value of a correlated character has changed.
d. mutation has added new variation to the population.
Q:
Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative) notes in an addendum to his article that prosperity in the 1990s increased the number of Puerto Rican men who sold crack as the price of the drug escalated.
Q:
During a drought on Daphne Major, ground finches with thinner beaks would have been at an advantage over the birds that lacked this trait. However, because beak depth was favored by natural selection, beak width also increased. This is an example of how selection on one character can cause other characters to change in a ________ direction.a. positively correlated b. fixated c. maladaptived. plastic
Q:
Correlated characters
a. can occur because some genes affect more than one character.
b. change independently.
c. are always positively related.
d. make natural selection longer.
Q:
Magic, according to Malinowski (cited in "Baseball Magic"), occurs in response to
a. anger.
b. frustration.
c. anxiety.
d. social pressure.
e. none of the above
Q:
Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative) argues that Puerto Rican men feel degraded and disrespected in the entry-level service jobs found in New York's office-bound economy.
Q:
Natural selection cannot make an elephant run as fast as a cheetah and fly like a bird. This is an example of
a. a correlated response to selection.
b. disequilibrium.
c. physical constraints on natural selection.
d. fixation.
Q:
Local adaptations are called ________ constraints.a. optimal b. fixed c. developmentald. genetic
Q:
Gmelch quotes a theory by anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski that argues for the association between magic and uncertainty.
Q:
The environment changes so that most individuals in a population are not well adapted to the environment. This is an example ofa. a local optimum. b. disequilibrium. c. environmental drift.d. genetic drift.
Q:
According to Bourgois, the New York underground economy in which many Puerto Rican men work largely consists of dirty sweatshop manufacturing jobs.
Q:
Pitchers have the most control over the outcome of what they do in baseball and therefore use the least magic.
Q:
The character of "behavioral flexibility" evolved in the soapberry bug because it
a. affected reproductive success.
b. occurs only in stable environments.
c. was not passed down from father to son.
d. made behaviorally flexible males stronger.
Q:
Male soapberry bugs adjust their mate-guarding behavior
a. in places where the environment is stable.
b. in places where the environment is variable.
c. in colder climates.
d. in wetter climates.
Q:
Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative) notes that many Puerto Rican men living in Spanish Harlem have at one time or another held normal (not underground) jobs in New York City's service economy.
Q:
According to Gmelch, magical ritual is most often associated with hitting and pitching in baseball.
Q:
In his article (Office Work and the Crack Alternative) Bourgois claims that only 15 percent of second generation Puerto Ricans living in New York's Spanish Harlem have ever held a job in the formal economy.
Q:
Behaviors are more likely to be canalized if
a. there is no genetic control of the behavior.
b. the behavior is seen in a variety of environments.
c. the behavior is seen in environments that are the same.
d. phenotypes vary.
Q:
For male soapberry bugs, behavioral plasticity is costly because
a. males must cooperate with other males to guard females.
b. flexibility requires longer appendages.
c. males will sometimes make mistakes about the local sex ratio and behave inappropriately.
d. flexible males have to grow larger and therefore need more food.
Q:
Some male soapberry bugs adjust their mate-guarding behavior in response to the local environment. Males guard females more when
a. females are relatively abundant.
b. females are relatively scarce.
c. the sex ratio is skewed toward females.
d. the sex ratio is balanced.
Q:
Skinner explains magic as a response to uncertainty, an attempt to control the unpredictable, according to Gmelch.
Q:
According to Bourgois (Office Work and the Crack Alternative), second generation Puerto Rican residents living in Spanish Harlem began to sell crack cocaine because they could find no other work in New York City.
Q:
An organism expresses fewer antipredator tactics when the number of predators in the environment is low. This is an example ofa. behavioral canalization. b. behavioral plasticity. c. behavioral localization.d. behavioral control.
Q:
An organism expresses antipredator tactics regardless of the number of predators in the environment. This is an example ofa. behavioral canalization. b. behavioral plasticity. c. behavioral localization.d. both a and c.
Q:
Baseball players often include personal ritual, taboos, and fetishes in their practice of magic.
Q:
According to Cronk, which one of the following is a clear example of gift giving designed to "flatten" someone else with generosity?
a. Richard Lee's gift of a Christmas ox to the !Kung with whom he did fieldwork in the Kalahari desert
b. "concessions" made by U.S. and Russian peace negotiators
c. "swapping" among African Americans living in a place called the flats
d. the Trobriand kula ring
e. the Kwakiutl potlatch
Q:
Mate guarding of females by males in soapberry bugs probably functions
a. to protect the females from harassment by other females.
b. to protect the females from predators.
c. to stop other males from mating with them.
d. to stop the females from eating.
Q:
Low rates of mutation can maintain variation in a population because many different genotypes generate intermediate phenotypes that are favored by ________ selection.a. stabilizing b. disruptive c. directionald. All of the above.
Q:
Gmelch argues that magic is found most often associated with fielding in American baseball.
Q:
Environmental variation
a. affects genotypic expression of characters.
b. tends to blur together the phenotypes associated with different genotypes.
c. does not direct selection.
d. has no effect on phenotype.
Q:
Cronk, reporting on a study by Grace Goodell, notes that monetary support of an irrigation project by the served to in Iran.
a. U.S., support local level political organizations
b. World Bank, support local level political organizations
c. U.S., crush local level political organizations
d. World Bank, crush local level political organizations
e. U.S., revive local level political organizations
Q:
The fact that all modern breeds of dog stem from wild wolves is evidence that
a. selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation.
b. there is plenty of hidden variation.
c. selection is weak.
d. Both a and b are correct.
Q:
According to examples presented by the Freeds (Taraka's Ghost), in North India ghosts can
a. live in wells.
b. possess women who were their friends in life.
c. seize people's souls and hurt or kill them.
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
Q:
Cronk notes that four of the following are good examples of reciprocal gift giving. Which one is not?
a. academic articles submitted to academic journals
b. shoes bought at a local mall
c. concessions made between U.S. and Russian negotiators during peace negotiations a few years ago
d. shell necklaces and arm bands traded in ritual fashion in the Trobriand Island exchange system called the kula
e. "swapping" reported by Carol Stack for African Americans living in a place in Illinois called the flats
Q:
Natural selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation because
a. there is hidden variation.
b. alleles for extreme phenotypes are not concentrated in any one individual.
c. there is no hidden variation.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Natural selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation if there isa. mutation. b. fixation. c. hidden variation.d. both a and c.
Q:
According to the Freeds (Taraka's Ghost), Taraka's ghost was the soul of Sita's
a. cousin who had committed suicide after becoming pregnant.
b. mother who had lived an unhappy life and died of pneumonia.
c. friend who had been raped by a schoolmaster.
d. father who was killed during the Second World War serving in the British army.
e. uncle who was murdered by his lover's jealous husband.
Q:
Cronk, citing work by sociologist Warren Hagstrom, argues that represent gifts in a system of reciprocal exchange.
a. citations in academic articles
b. food
c. business lunches
d. alcoholic drinks
e. blankets, coppers, and arm shells
Q:
According to the Freeds (Taraka's Ghost),
a. when people die, their souls become wandering ghosts for at least 11 years.
b. ghosts are often released from their restless state in India after they are deemed to have done a good deed for someone.
c. ghosts are usually the souls of strangers who invade people's lives and communities.
d. ghosts are the souls of people who die too young and in an unfortunate way, or who were unhappy in life.
e. none of the above
Q:
Natural selection
a. increases genetic variation because adaptations are produced.
b. decreases genetic variation because the most adapted individuals transmit the most characters to the next generation.
c. decreases genetic variation if selection is directional but increases genetic variation if selection is stabilizing.
d. decreases genetic variation if selection is stabilizing but increases genetic variation if selection is directional.
Q:
Which of the following decreases genetic variation?a. Mutation b. Selection c. Recombinationd. Gene flow
Q:
Mutation can maintain variation because
a. every mutation results in adaptation.
b. directional selection is constantly working.
c. a considerable amount of variation is protected from selection.
d. the rates of mutation are very high.
Q:
According to Cronk, the Kwakiutl potlatch is a good example of a way to
a. establish friendly alliances, in this case between clans.
b. maintain equal social relationships between different clan members.
c. fight or flatten social rivals.
d. establish alliances between competing political factions.
e. create future material wealth for the giver.
Q:
How is variation maintained?a. There is blending during sexual reproduction.b. Mutations are deleterious.c. New variation is slowly added by mutation.d. The genetic composition of offspring is a replica of their parents.
Q:
According to the Freeds (Taraka's Ghost), Sita
a. associated death with sex and childbirth.
b. cured her anxieties over sex and childbirth through the help of her friend, Taraka.
c. was quickly cured of ghost possession by an exorcist hired by her father.
d. only endured ghost possession when she went home to visit her mother and father.
e. was raped by a school teacher when she was 13 years old.
Q:
According to Cronk in his article, "Reciprocity and the Power of Giving," people use gift giving to
a. initiate relationships.
b. maintain relationships.
c. fight.
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
Q:
Which of the following increase(s) genetic variation?a. Mutation b. Selection c. Recombinationd. Both a and c
Q:
When genes at many loci affect a character,
a. the trait is more likely to occur in a smooth distribution.
b. natural selection cannot act on the character.
c. the environment is less likely to affect the character.
d. both a and c are correct.
Q:
The Freeds (Taraka's Ghost) note that stress increases for Indian women at the time of their marriage because
a. they move from the freedom of their parent's home to the restrictions of their husband's household.
b. their kin (fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters) are considered inferior by their husbands' relatives.
c. they rank low when they enter their husbands' households for the first time.
d. two of the above
e. a, b, and c above
Q:
Cronk argues that gift giving is an important way for people to initiate and maintain relationships in every society.
Q:
The phenotypic frequencies of a character will form a smooth, bell-shaped curve because ofa. hidden variation. b. environmental variation. c. sampling variation.d. mutational variation.
Q:
1. According to the Freeds (Taraka's Ghost), ghost spirit possession of women in North India is associated with
a. overwork.
b. stress.
c. tensions among members of her natal family.
d. competition among peers.
e. malnutrition.
Q:
Continuously varying characters
a. are affected by genes at only one locus.
b. have a large effect on the phenotype.
c. can be greatly affected by the environment.
d. do not help to explain how variation is maintained.
Q:
Cronk reports that no matter how little he gave his Mukogodo informants while he was doing fieldwork, they always seemed grateful, which led to a warmer, more trusting relationship demonstrating the positive power of giving.
Q:
Characters are more likely to exhibit continuous variation whena. there are no environmental effects.b. they are affected by alleles at more than one locus.c. inheritance is blending rather than particulate.d. there are only two alleles.
Q:
Within a few thousand generations, wolves were transformed into a variety of domestic dogs; this transformation was due toa. genetic drift. b. disequilibrium. c. mutation.d. hidden variation.
Q:
According to the Freeds (Taraka's Ghost) Sita's possession by Taraka, her dead cousin, was connected to her anxiety about sex and death.
Q:
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Hidden variation is not always present in continuously evolving traits.
b. Selection causes genotypic frequencies to reach equilibrium in one generation, and the distribution of phenotypes does not change.
c. Selection can lead to cumulative, long-term change.
d. Genetic variation is always expressed as phenotypic variation.
Q:
According to Cronk, the phrase "Indian giver" arose because North American Indians misunderstood European customs and wanted gifts they gave to colonists to be returned promptly and with interest.
Q:
The Freeds (Taraka's Ghost) described how a young Indian woman, Sita, was possessed by the Ghost of a woman who committed suicide after sleeping with Sita's new husband.
Q:
For most continuously varying characters, offspring are intermediate between their parents because
a. of blending inheritance.
b. genetic transmission involves faithful copying of the genes themselves and their reassembly into different combinations in zygotes.
c. mutation is constantly introducing new alleles, some of which will produce new phenotypes.
d. natural selection reduces variation.
Q:
Cronk (Reciprocity and the Power of Giving) cites Hagstrom's argument that citations of other people's work in academic articles as well as the articles themselves, are a form of gift.
Q:
At the beginning of the twentieth century, geneticists
a. thought that inheritance was fundamentally discontinuous.
b. argued that Mendelian genetics supported Darwin's idea that adaptation occurs through the accumulation of small variations.
c. agreed that evolution proceeded by the gradual accumulation of small changes.
d. believed that genes had no discernible effect on phenotypes.
Q:
The modern synthesis refers to
a. the combination of Mendelian and blending inheritance.
b. the combination of anthropology and biology.
c. the combination of modern genetics and Darwinism.
d. the combination of modern anthropology with animal behavior.
Q:
According to the Freeds (Taraka's Ghost), women are most likely to be possessed by ghosts when they are first married and separated from their family of birth.
Q:
Cronk (Reciprocity and the Power of Giving) argues that in most instances of gift giving, donors expect those who have received the gift to reciprocate promptly.
Q:
Which of the following is correct?
a. Selection can produce change when no variation is present in a population.
b. Selection cannot change the frequency of different phenotypes.
c. The strength and direction of selection depend on the environment.
d. The strength of selection is determined by dominant alleles.
Q:
Phenylketonuria (PKU)a. can result in shortened limbs.b. is caused by the substitution of one allele for another at a single locus.c. is not a genetically inherited disease.d. All of the above.