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Question
When act- and rule-utilitarianism are applied to the same moral issue, they may yield different answers.
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
The right to express your opinions or ideas without burdensome restraints from government
or society is called
a. the right to bear arms. c. the freedom of religion.
b. free speech. d. speech codes.
Q:
Suppose a ninety-year-old man is dying of cancer and is in excruciating pain that no medicine can relieve. He asks to be given a lethal injection. According to the doctrine of double effect, giving the injection is not morally permissible.
Q:
According to natural law theory, it would be morally permissible to abort a womans fetus to
save her life.
Q:
A pregnant woman has cancer and will die unless she receives chemotherapy to destroy the tumors.
If she takes the chemotherapy to destroy the tumors, the fetus will die. According to the doctrine of double effect, it is not morally permissible for her to do so.
Q:
Many philosophers insist that the teleological character of nature has never been supported by
logical argument or empirical science because
a. the church has disagreed with science.
b. scientists have been uninterested in teleology.
c. natural law theory is internally illogical.
d. nature is not teleological at all, but instead random and purposeless.
Q:
Biologists report that homosexual behavior among nonhuman animals is
a. nonexistent. c. widespread.
b. extremely rare. d. found only in primates.
Q:
Alan Goldman says that the conventional view of sexuality is that sexual behavior must have
a morally significant goal, such as procreation. But he argues that
a. sex is directed towards goals but not toward conventional goals.
b. sex is not a means to some other goal.
c. sex should be directed toward communicating ideas or expressing love.
d. sex is a spiritual journey.
Q:
An unmarried man and woman have frequent sex and engage in activities that most of society
would label unconventional, unnatural, and deviant. Their sexual behavior results in the
greatest net good for all concerned. A utilitarian would therefore say that their sexual
activities are
a. permissible except for deviant sex.
b. permissible except for activities labeled unnatural.
c. impermissible.
d. permissible.
Q:
The difference between hypothetical and categorical imperatives is that
a. hypothetical imperatives are universal, whereas categorical imperatives are not.
b. hypothetical imperatives are rational and categorical imperatives are conditional.
c. hypothetical imperatives are absolutist, whereas categorical imperatives are not.
d. hypothetical imperatives are conditional, whereas categorical imperatives are unconditional.
Q:
Kissing someone without first obtaining consent is an example of
a. rape. c. both rape and sexual assault.
b. sexual assault. d. neither rape nor sexual assault.
Q:
The notion that as long as basic moral standards are respected, any sexual activity engaged in
by informed, consenting adults is permissible is known as the ________ view.
a. hedonistic c. liberal
b. conventional d. moderate
Q:
In a recent public opinion poll, ________ percent of respondents said they believe that it is
morally acceptable for a man and woman to have sex before marriage.
a. 90 c. 25
b. 66 d. 40
Q:
John Stuart Mill called the utilitarian principle, by which all actions can be judged, the
________ principle.
Q:
The ethical theory that says that the right action is the one that advances ones own best interests is called ________.
Q:
The nonconsequentialist answer to the question Why are racists wrong? is that they hurt people.
Q:
The philosopher Thomas Hobbes says that people are naturally
a. greedy, selfish, violent, self-destructive, and desperate.
b. compassionate, generous, and considerate.
c. eager to believe in a religious doctrine.
d. lazy and unambitious.
Q:
Rule-utilitarianism has been accused of being internally inconsistent because the theory can
a. easily lapse back into act-utilitarianism. c. always fall back on rigid rules.
b. be defended through act-utilitarianism. d. never be understood.
Q:
Some philosophers, known as race skeptics, believe that race has a physical scientific
basis and argue that the concept of race should be the main focus of science.
Q:
Scientific racism refers to a school of thought that held that (1) humanity can indeed be
divided into separate and distinct races, (2) race enables us to explain the most basic
differences among people, and (3) some races are superior to others.
Q:
According to one argument, when blacks get preferential treatment in employment some
white males end up losing outeven though these whites had no part in past racism and
may have never discriminated against anyone. Supporters of preferential hiring practices
will say that
a. these policies will actually benefit white males and minorities equally.
b. all white males are actually racist, even if they dont mean to be.
c. the injustice to white males makes amends for past injustices to minorities.
d. white males benefit from a history of policies that discriminate against minorities.
Q:
Garrett Hardin uses the lifeboat metaphor to suggest that
a. affluent countries, like lifeboats, are inherently unstable.
b. the moral duty of affluent countries is to give aid to the starving, overpopulated ones.
c. the affluent countries have a moral duty not to give aid to the starving, overpopulated ones.
d. giving aid to the poor and hungry will cause a worldwide revolt against the rich and influential.
Q:
Garrett Hardin argues that the rich
a. should aid the poor and hungry but not to the level of marginal utility.
b. should not aid the poor and hungry because doing so will only invite catastrophe for the rich and poor alike.
c. should not aid the poor and hungry because doing so will result in injustice to the rich.
d. should aid the poor and hungry because Peter Singers argument is persuasive.
Q:
In disputes about environmental issues, often there is substantial agreement on the nonmoral
facts and serious divergence on
a. nonmoral principles. c. technical issues.
b. nonmoral issues or judgments. d. moral principles or judgments.
Q:
According to Peter Singers theory, we (the affluent) ought to give to the needy up to the point where we are just better off than those we are trying to help. Singer refers to this as ________.
a. egalitarian justice. c. the level of sufficient sacrifice.
b. the level of marginal utility. d. distributive justice.
Q:
According to Peter Singer, those who do not give equal moral consideration to both human and nonhuman animals are guilty of ________.
Q:
What is the fallacy used in the following passage? John argues that active euthanasia is
sometimes morally acceptable. But we can reject out of hand anything he has to say because
he's an ultraconservative.
a. equivocation c. appeal to authority
b. begging the question d. appeal to the person
Q:
Animal rights activists waged a highly effective campaign against the practice of seal hunting, an activity that constituted the heart of Canadian Inuit culture and identity. The campaign devastated the Inuit economy and created a host of health, social, and cultural problems for them. Thomas Aquinas would almost certainly have sided with the Inuit.
Q:
Tom Regan argues that humans are experiencing subjects of a life; nonhuman animals
(normal, fully developed mammals) are nonexperiencing subjects of a life.
Q:
Those who appeal to utilitarian considerations argue that restricting immigration has adverse
consequences, especially economically, because closed borders restrict trade, waste talents,
and impede prosperity.
Q:
It was the philosopher Thomas Aquinas who said, It is no wrong for man to make use of [animals], either by killing them or in any other way whatever.