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Question
What is known regarding repeat victimization/chronic victimization?a. Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous crime has been committed.
b. Repeat victimizations are rare because victims tend to take defensive action once victimized.
c. Chronic victimization refers to people, not to property or locations.
d. Prior victimization has little, if any, impact on an individual's likelihood of becoming re-victimized.
Answer
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Related questions
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The evolution of criminal law has created and eliminated many laws. Among those currently recognized is __________, which is the "the willful, malicious and repeated following and harassing of another person."
a. stalking
b. domestic violence
c. bullying
d. assault
Q:
College students who are drunk when they assault other people may claim they were suffering from a mental impairment that prevented them from understanding the harmfulness of their acts. They are using what type of defense?
a. excuses
b. justifications
c. intent
d. insanity
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Duress, self-defense, and entrapment are defenses in which the individual usually admits committing the criminal act but maintains that he or she should not be held criminally liable. These are what type of defense?
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b. mala prohibitum
c. actus reus
d. mens rea
Q:
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a. shifts in culture and social conventions
b. judicial decision-making
c. legislative statutes
d. social control mechanisms
Q:
The branch of the law that defines crimes and their punishment is known as ______________.
a. substantive law
b. procedural law
c. civil law
d. administrative law
Q:
Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social positions. Criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.
a. conflict
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Q:
The sub-area of criminology concerned with the role social forces play in shaping criminal law and the role criminal law plays in shaping society is known as:
a. victimology
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c. criminal statistics
d. the sociology of law
Q:
_________________ serve as models or frameworks for understanding human behavior and the forces that shape its content and direction.
a. Theories
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Q:
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a. the criminological enterprise
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c. the sociological enterprise
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Q:
Criminologists use ________ methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
a. economic
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c. sociological
d. psychological
Q:
A ______________ is a more serious offense that carries a long prison sentence or even death.
Q:
Among the rights won by inmates, which of the following is not one of them?
a. the right to secure proper medical attention
b. the right to freedom of speech and press unless it interferes or threatens institutional freedom.
c. the right to be free from cruel and unusual physical treatment while incarcerated.
d. the right to be segregated along racial lines.
Q:
The underlying purpose of indeterminate sentencing is to:
a. restrain the use of judicial discretion
b. to ensure that sentences are applied in a fair and equitable manner
c. promote truth-in-sentencing
d. individualize each sentence in the interests of rehabilitating the offender
Q:
The Supreme Court in ____________________________ gave inmates the right to secure proper medical attention.
Q:
Executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders being committed; this is a consequence referred to as the _________________________.
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Q:
While the Fifth Amendment provides protection from double jeopardy, if an act violates the laws of two states, the offender may be tried in each state under the:
a. equivalent sovereignty doctrine
b. equal jurisdiction doctrine
c. dual jurisdiction doctrine
d. dual sovereignty doctrine
Q:
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a. prosecuting attorney
b. probation department
c. defense attorney
d. court bailiff
Q:
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a. anticipatory detention
b. preemptive detention
c. protective detention
d. preventive detention
Q:
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a. a probation officer
b. a prosecutor
c. a magistrate
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Q:
In the United States, what is the "court of last resort?"
a. a state's supreme court
b. the Executive Office of the President
c. the U.S. Supreme Court
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Q:
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Q:
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a. social reaction theory
b. differential association theory
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d. neutralization theory
Q:
Differential association has a number of important findings. What finding is false?
a. Crime appears to be intergenerational
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c. The influence of deviant friends is not supportive of delinquency.
d. Differential association is multi-cultural.
Q:
Schools contribute to criminality when they:
a. track students to identify academic potential
b. fail to offer diverse curriculums
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d. hire substandard teachers
Q:
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Q:
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a. stigmatization
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Q:
________________________ refers to judicial practices in some jurisdictions whereby harsher sentences are imposed on African Americans for certain offenses.