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Question
Tolman believed that organisms (including humans) learn by:A. direct behavioral involvement with the environment
B. observing what leads to what in the environment
C. the reinforcement of overt responses
D. the drive reduction that follows certain responses
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:
A. memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas
B. memories of details remain relatively unchanged throughout one's lifetime
C. information is stored in a serial fashion
D. memory is greatly influenced by laws of association
Q:
According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to:
A. culture and biological influences
B. genetic influences
C. learning
D. nurture
Q:
The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:
A. response generalization
B. the habit family hierarchy
C. instinctual drift
D. the leash principle
Q:
The termsociobiologyis often used interchangeably with the term:
A. connectionism
B. behavioral genetics
C. evolutionary psychology
D. ethology
Q:
The founder of sociobiology was:
A. Barash
B. Wilson
C. Lorenz
D. Buss
Q:
Concerning the mind-body relationship, Sperry was a(n):
A. interactionist
B. epiphenomalist
C. physical monist
D. idealist
Q:
According to Jerre Levy, which of the following is true?
A. Some people with normal brains are left-brain dominated and others right-brain dominated.
B. Educational practices can be designed that enhance either right-brain of left-brain performance.
C. In normal people under normal circumstances, the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain are inseparable.
D. Although a radical approach, split-brain preparations may benefit those with severe mental illness.
Q:
The idea of mass action:
A. maintains that biological preparedness facilitates learning
B. characterizes the localized functions of the cortex as a switchboard
C. supports the concept of the engram
D. states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex
Q:
Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:
A. Watson
B. Lorenz
C. Sperry
D. Yerkes
Q:
The Jonah complex refers to the:
A. fear of failure
B. fear of one's own success
C. human need to acquire information about oneself
D. abnormal need for success
Q:
Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"?
A. At the core, humans are like other animals.
B. Humans are created in God's image.
C. Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.
D. Humans exist eternally in a cycle of rewards and consequences.
Q:
When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person becomes:
A. incongruent
B. true to his or her own feelings
C. fully functioning
D. free from guilt and anxiety
Q:
If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he or she is said to be:
A. being motivated and working with need-directed perception
B. being motivated and working with goal-oriented perception
C. deficiency-motivated and working with need-directed perception
D. deficiency-motivated and working with goal-oriented perception
Q:
For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called:
A. world-design
B. ground of existence
C. thrownness
D. being-beyond-the-world
Q:
____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.
A. Phenomenology
B. Dasein
C. Ontology
D. Humanism
Q:
Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into:
A. humanism
B. cognitive socialism
C. existentialism
D. analytic ontology
Q:
Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:
A. not be used
B. be equated with intentionality
C. be free of any preconceptions
D. be used to examine only the mind turned inward
Q:
According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.
A. rational thought; external forces
B. moral consciousness; the role of memory
C. the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal
D. objective reality; subjective reality
Q:
In dream analysis, displacement is when:
A. we dream of something symbolically similar to an anxiety-provoking event
B. one element of a dream symbolizes several things in waking life
C. we substitute our real desires for imagined ones
D. we forget our dreams after we awaken
Q:
According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content.
A. manifest; latent
B. latent; manifest
C. primary; secondary
D. pleasurable; reality
Q:
While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called:
A. transference
B. catharsis
C. psuedomemory
D. resistance
Q:
Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage.
A. oral; phallic
B. phallic; oral
C. oral; anal
D. phallic; phallic
Q:
Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas such as:
A. child analysis
B. marriage counseling
C. confidence building
D. the treatment of depression
Q:
A male is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:
A. projection
B. displacement
C. reaction formation
D. rationalization
Q:
By using the ego defense mechanism of ____, one sees the causes of failure and undesirable urges as "out there" instead of in one's self.
A. sublimation
B. projection
C. rationalization
D. identification
Q:
What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms?
A. Sublimation
B. Projection
C. Identification
D. Repression
Q:
The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ____ and accounts for most human behavior.
A. reflex action
B. primary process
C. libido
D. eros
Q:
According to Charcot, the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas, to physical symptoms can only occur in individuals who are:
A. hypnotized
B. inherently predisposed to hysteria
C. below average in intelligence
D. willing to cooperate with their physicians
Q:
Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria?
A. All hysteric symptoms are caused by lesions in the brain.
B. Hysteric symptoms occur only in patients who are hypnotized.
C. Because there is no apparent biological basis for hysteria, it cannot be considered a real disease.
D. Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms.
Q:
Members of the Nancy School believed that hypnotizability was ____, whereas Charcot believed it to be ____.
A. a sign of mental pathology; perfectly normal
B. perfectly normal; a sign of mental pathology
C. a sign of sexual conflict; the result of prolonged concentration
D. the result of prolonged concentration; a sign of sexual conflict