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Question
The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that:a. over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.
b. tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
c. change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
d. tooth and jaw size increased over time.
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
What is special about primate societies and social behavior?
a. They are not diverse.
b. They welcome newcomers as humans do.
c. They are highly diverse.
d. They share and cooperate as humans do not.
Q:
Why are primates social in the short term?
a. to increase female fecundity in dominant females only
b. to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females
c. to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators
d. to share food sources
Q:
Distribution, in reference to food, means the:
a. location of food across the landscape.
b. distribution of primates in a primate group as they forage for food.
c. distribution of food among primates in a group.
d. adjustment in size of a feeding group.
Q:
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding are:
a. speed, agility, and strength.
b. source, quantity, and safety.
c. quality, distribution, and availability of food.
d. cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
Q:
Altruistic behavior:
a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
b. occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
c. is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
d. is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
Q:
Grooming involves:
a. the development of alliances between females only.
b. the development of alliances between males only.
c. bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual.
d. bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.
Q:
Monogamous refers to:
a. a social group that is dominated by a single sex.
b. a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.
c. primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family.
d. a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring.
Q:
Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances,
including by:
a. rank.
b. age.
c. kinship.
d. all of the above
Q:
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:
a. the uses of anatomical and genetic evidence.
b. morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
c. alternative forms of classification.
d. levels of anatomical complexity.
Q:
Old World monkeys have:
a. Y-5 molars.
b. two sets of molars.
c. bilophodont molars.
d. one-inch molars.
Q:
A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is:
a. the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b. a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
c. the Y-5 cusp pattern.
d. a canine that shows wear on the tip.
Q:
The increased brain size observed in the order Primates:
a. results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.
b. results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
c. demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Relative to body size, primate brain size is:
a. proportional to human brain size.
b. more or less the same in large and small primates.
c. smaller than in other large mammals.
d. larger among great apes than among other primates.
Q:
A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull belongs to:
a. an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
b. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
c. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
d. none of the above (this trait is observed only in prosimians).
Q:
The suborder prosimians includes:
a. New World and Old World monkeys.
b. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
c. great apes and lesser apes.
d. lemurs, lorises, and Old World monkeys.
Q:
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
b. a larger brain.
c. a reduced number of teeth.
d. smaller eye orbits.
Q:
The cladistic classification of apes and humans:
a. includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
b. uses the term hominid to describe only humans and their ancestors.
c. divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
d. includes tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises.
Q:
Primate females:
a. invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
b. give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
d. give birth to twins regularly.
Q:
Discuss the origins of racism. Include early scientists and their views on human variation.
Q:
Discuss how natural selection has likely influenced the evolution of skin color in humans.
Q:
In the days races were thought to be valid, static categories, Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races:
a. Negroids, Caucasoids, and Mongoloids.
b. Mongoloids, Negroids, Inuit, and Caucasoids.
c. Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
d. Mongoloids, Negroids, Malays, Europeans, and Caucasoids.
Q:
Wolff's law:
a. is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions.
b. applies to the maintenance of the entire endocrine system.
c. states that after puberty there will be almost no further remodeling of bone when it is under stress.
d. refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.
Q:
For women with very low body weight, high amounts of exercise can result in:
a. increased female fertility.
b. increased ovarian function.
c. a reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.
d. higher rates of conception than in women who do not exercise.
Q:
The maintenance of homeostasis:
a. is a key feature of most levels of any organism's biology.
b. involves the study of populations in their natural environments.
c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
d. involves the replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.
Q:
Sexual maturation or puberty is marked by:
a. menarche in girls.
b. similar body size in boys and girls.
c. a short-term rapid increase in brain growth.
d. adult social roles.
Q:
Which of the following biological processes involves a reduction in homeostasis?
a. senescence
b. Wolff's law
c. prenatal development
d. adult stage of development
Q:
The long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate that the population:
a. is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule.
b. represents the variability that results from Wolff's law of skeletal replacement.
c. has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates.
d. is well adapted for life at high latitudes, as Allen's rule predicts for pastoralist populations.
Q:
A study of Galapagos finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands had wide beaks well adapted to breaking open seeds. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is _______ selection.
a. directional
b. natural
c. disruptive
d. stabilizing
Q:
Patrilocal societies are expected to display:
a. greater mtDNA diversity than Y chromosome diversity.
b. roughly equivalent mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity.
c. greater Y chromosome diversity than mtDNA diversity.
d. no strong correlation between societal structure and genetic diversity.
Q:
The absence of the A and B alleles in Native American populations is a result of:
a. natural selection.
b. gene flow.
c. the founder effect.
d. mutation.