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Question
The major difference between longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies is that cross-sectional studies occur ___________ whereas longitudinal studies occur _______________.a. once; over time
b. over time; once
c. with the same participants; with different participants
d. with the same participants; over time
Answer
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Related questions
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Discuss the disadvantages and advantages of placebos.
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A useful theory should generate, organize, and guide research.
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When the placebo treatment is described in a hidden manner, placebos can lead to fewer symptoms and better quality of life when compared to no treatment.
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For a treatment to be considered effective, the treatment must show an equal rate of effectiveness when compared to a placebo.
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We are designing a new instrument to measure happiness. If we ask participants to complete the same instrument of happiness over several days, we are testing this new instruments' ______________.
a. external validity
b. interrater reliability
c. predictive validity
d. test-retest reliability
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Research has found that lung cancer increases with number of cigarettes smoked. This finding
a. indicates a negative relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
b. indicates a positive relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
c. proves that smoking causes lung cancer.
d. suggest that cancer prone personalities are more likely to begin smoking.
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Natural experiments in epidemiology are most similar to what kind of psychology study?
a. experimental
b. ex post facto
c. correlational
d. observational
Q:
A study that begins with a group of participants who already have a disease is most likely to be
a. a retrospective study.
b. a prospective study.
c. a correlational study.
d. an experimental study.
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In an experimental design that investigates the effects of a low carbohydrate diet on weight loss, diet would be
a. the independent variable.
b. the dependent variable.
c. an extraneous variable.
d. a placebo.
Q:
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of longitudinal studies?
a. Longitudinal studies are a comparison of two separate groups.
b. Longitudinal studies tend to be time consuming.
c. Longitudinal studies frequently require a team of researchers
d. Longitudinal studies are prospective designs
Q:
A study that compares cholesterol levels of 10-year-old children and 30-year-old adults would most likely be a(n) _____ study.
a. experimental
b. cross-sectional
c. longitudinal
d. ex post facto
Q:
Small correlations, for example 0.08 or 0.10,
a. may be statistically significant.
b. cannot be statistically significant.
c. indicate cause and effect between the two correlated variables.
d. both a and c
Q:
One of the challenges of conducting health research is that it is impossible, and unethical, to manipulate certain variables, such as sexual behaviors or smoking. The research design that examines differences between groups without manipulating these groups is:
a. experimental
b. ex post facto
c. random assignment
d. longitudinal
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One of the advantages of conducting a longitudinal study is that longitudinal studies can _____________________.
a. be completed quickly.
b. help identify developmental trends and patterns.
c. determine causality.
d. be completed with relatively few researchers.
Q:
There is a ____________ correlation between physical age and physical health, such that as age increases, physical health decreases.
a. positive
b. negative
c. weak
d. non-existent
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Which of these "sugar pills" is likely to have the greatest positive effect?
a. white pills rather than colored pills
b. very small pills rather than middle size pills
c. capsules rather than tablets
d. generic pills rather than brand-name drugs
Q:
Health is generally defined as an absence of disease.
Q:
Health psychology is best defined as the scientific study of those behaviors related to
a. the adoption of the sick role for persons who believe themselves to be ill.
b. health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation.
c. the development of psychosomatic illness.
d. the development of psychological and emotional illness.
Q:
Behavioral medicine assumes
a. a link between individual behaviors and health.
b. the existence of a specific pathogen in illness.
c. that disease can be controlled, but that health cannot be enhanced.
d. that the goals of medicine and psychology are incompatible.
Q:
Presently, physicians and health psychologists are most likely to agree that psychosomatic illnesses are
a. a primary means of coping with acute pain.
b. all in the head of the person with the illness.
c. diseases linked to a complex of biological, psychological, and social factors.
d. flow from unconscious factors and are a means of reducing anxiety.
Q:
Health psychologists are most likely to see health
a. from a biomedical viewpoint.
b. from a biopsychosocial viewpoint.
c. as the absence of illness.
d. as a single dimensional condition.
Q:
During the past 30 years, death rate from heart disease in the United States has declined. At the same time,
a. medical costs have increased.
b. smoking rates have increased.
c. life expectancy has decreased.
d. acceptance of the biomedical model has increased.
Q:
Which of these has been a major health trend in the U.S. since 1900?
a. Cost of medical care has risen faster than inflation.
b. Health has been more frequently defined as the absence of illness.
c. Acute illnesses have replaced chronic diseases as the leading causes of death.
d. The biomedical model has been accepted by most psychologists.
Q:
In Sheldon Cohen's research on the common cold, all participants received a cold virus injection and after a week,
a. all participants showed signs of having a cold.
b. only participants who were sick to begin with got a cold.
c. only health participants got a cold.
d. only participants who had dealt with a stressful experience got a cold.
Q:
Cancer is the leading cause of death in which of the following ethnic groups?
a. European Americans
b. Hispanic Americans
c. African Americans
d. Asian Americans
Q:
In the United States, the three leading causes of death for adults ages 35 to 44 are
a. unintentional injuries, cancer, and heart disease.
b. suicide, homicide, and HIV infection.
c. HIV infection, heart disease, and pneumonia.
d. cancer, HIV infection, and pneumonia.
Q:
All of the following are factors in life expectancy EXCEPT:
a. age
b. education
c. ethnicity
d. mother's personality
Q:
_________ diseases are a class of diseases that consist of heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
a. Infectious
b. Chronic
c. Unintentional
d. Cardiovascular
Q:
Edna waited almost 2 weeks after her sinuses started bothering her before she made the appointment to see her doctor. Making the appointment would be considered
a. sick role behavior.
b. illness behavior.
c. psychotic behavior.
d. health-seeking behavior.