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Q: Which of the following procedures is mentioned in introductory psychology textbooks but not credited as being originated by an early female psychologist? a. the token economy b. systematic desensitization c. shaping d. schedules of reinforcement

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Q: Object relations theory is most different from classic psychoanalysis in its belief that the ______ is the core of the psyche. a. id b. superego c. ego d. phantasy

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Q: Focus on the conscious mind, focus on the role of social urges in determining human behavior, and ideas of an inferiority complex all relate to which of the following? a. transference b. free association c. individual psychology d. anima/animus

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Q: The rift between Freud and Breuer has often been stated as related to their disagreement over which of the following? a. somatic versus psychical factors b. use of the method of catharsis c. use of free association d. use of the concepts transference and countertransference

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Q: Which of the following could we say that Freud actually borrowed from Josef Beuer? a. talk therapy b. seduction theory c. dream analysis d. Oedipus complex

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Q: Which of the following personality assessments incorporates Jung's personality type theory? a. the TAT b. the CPI c. the MMPI d. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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Q: When we experience "hope," this is the equivalent of ________ according to Mowrer? a. drive induction b. insight learning c. latent learning d. drive reduction

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Q: Which of the following explains why it may be initially difficult to concentrate during meditation, even under quiet conditions? a. meditation is not rational b. meditation causes the stimulus error c. meditation causes apperception d. meditation must compete with the stream of consciousness

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Q: Which of the following represents the earliest viewpoint on how experiments should be conducted? a. the sample size must be at least 100 b. the sample size must be at least 30 c. experimenters must not have any contact with research participants d. experimenters must thoroughly conduct their own self-tests of the hypotheses

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Q: How was functionalism different from structuralism? a. it focused exclusively on the study of animals b. it focused on adaptive qualities of the mind and behavior c. it focused on the material aspect of consciousness d. it focused on feelings

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Q: What was the primary idea of James Mill's that was also related to Spinoza's idea? a. behavior is deterministic (motivated by pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain) b. all humans do indeed have free will c. mind and body are distinct d. emotions are never rational

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Q: "Resemblance," "contiguity," and the "association of ideas" are all related to which of the following? a. conditioning b. schema c. observation d. free will

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Q: Which of the following was rejected by Berkeley? a. belief in God b. mentalism c. the importance of experiences d. materialism

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Q: The ideas of Baruch Spinoza were 1) mind and body are inseparable, 2) free will does not exist, and 3) _____________. a. thoughts and behaviors resulting from passion are irrational b. all emotions are irrational c. the shape of the skull relates to personality d. the soul provides access to universal knowledge

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Q: Which of the following is relevant to the knowledge gained from the split brain research of Gazzaniga and Sperry? a. corpus callosum b. cranial nerve V c. cranial nerve VII d. arcuate fasciculus

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Q: Which of the following best explains why the 90s is known as the decade of the brain? a. because it was the decade of the discovery of the lesioning method b. because it was the decade of the discovery of the split brain findings c. because it was the decade of increased funding for the study of neurotransmitters and drug treatments for disorders d. because it was the decade of enhancements in the use of the microelectrode

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Q: Which of the following was an early statement about spinal cord nerves that was later proved to be accurate? a. nervous fluid flowed through neural pipes and terminated in muscles, causing bodily movements b. anterior or ventral roots were responsible for voluntary movement c. posterior or dorsal roots managed involuntary movements d. there is a cranial nerve specific for face sensation and a cranial nerve specific to controlling muscles involved in facial expressions

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Q: Why is it that Scholasticism could be said to be an attempt to compromise, regarding the ways of knowing? a. because practitioners and scientists tried to be more supportive of one another's professions b. because practitioners of Judaism and Islam tried to be more sensitive to one another's beliefs c. because great thinkers tried to reconcile rationality and faith d. because great thinkers tried to reconcile monism and dualism

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Q: What is the reason why the "schools of psychology" dissipated around the early 1940s? a. because of Freud's death b. because of Watson's death c. because of Dewey's death d. because of the loss of homogeneity among the thinking of psychologists

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Q: Where is the future of psychology headed? a. towards the earliest ideas of spiritualism b. towards the idea of the modern era c. towards increased communication between practitioners and researchers d. towards an increased interest in hypnosis

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Q: Which of the following would be a benefit of universalism? a. no real benefits of this exist b. it eliminates the need for extensive research studies of various cultures c. it reveals that human beings across cultures can never be compared d. it promotes the idea that basic human characteristics are common to all members of the species, and that culture influences the display of these characteristics

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Q: Why might more traditional psychologists resist discussions of post-modernism in relation to psychology? a. post-modern rejects the notion of scientific findings as absolute truths b. post-modernism supports the idea of truth as socially constructed c. post-modernism celebrates difference rather than a melting pot mentality d. all of the above are possible reasons

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Q: Psychology as a science emerged out of the West at the height of the _________. a. Middle Ages b. Colonial period c. Cold War d. Eighteenth century

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Q: Which of the following seems to be a pervasive problem for the majority of non-Western indigenous psychologies? a. overemphasis on research b. overemphasis on use of case studies c. prioritization of professionally applied interventions over basic research d. prioritization of the biomedical approach

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Q: The Jesuits brought to China some of the earliest exposure to psychology. Which of the following cognitive processes did they write about? a. language b. perception c. memory d. intelligence

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Q: What was the impact of China's cultural revolution on Chinese psychology? a. psychology was celebrated for its usefulness b. psychology was condemned as elitist c. experimentation in labs was begun d. case studies became the central focus

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Q: Which of the following represents a similarity of the U.S. in the 1960s and Russia in the 1800s? a. conservatism b. turbulence c. anti-science rhetoric prevailed d. all of the above

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Q: Which of the following represents a previous stance of early APA leaders? a. only psychologists who attended certain universities were allowed to join b. only psychologists who paid an astronomical fee for membership could join c. the mind-body issue was deemed insignificant to the association's mission d. they endorsed a very limited role for psychology in social concerns or social problems

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Q: The civil rights era and the Vietnam War had a major impact on the career of which of the following psychologists? a. Norman Anderson b. Martha Bernal c. Francis Sumner d. Stanley Sue

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Q: Which of the following best characterizes "liberation psychology"? a. this idea was developed in the 18th century b. this idea was initially developed to be tested in experimental laboratories c. this is a paradigm that states that theories always define situations or problems d. problems should demand or select their own theorization

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