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Question
Like anthropologist Julian Steward, British archaeologist Grahame Clark broke away from the dependence on artifacts of the cultural-historical approach and argued for the multi-disciplinary efforts of specialists to understand plant and animal remains.Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Little evidence is available concerning the role or status of Calusa women in the ethnohistoric records because
a) women were secluded in special areas
b) the Spanish had little or no contact with women
c) women had no real active role in the society
d) women were sent away, or ran away into the swamps for protection
e) none of the above
Q:
_________ from different levels of the area around Guil Naquitz provided a sequence of vegetation change, including fluctuations of thorn, pine forest, and oak
a) Ethnographic analysis
b) Radiocarbon dating
c) Isotope analysis
d) Written inscriptions
e) Pollen analysis
Q:
The Valley of Oaxaca in the southern highlands of Mexico is best known for the hilltop city of _________, the one-time capital of the Zapotecs and famous for its architecture and carved stone slabs
a) Monte Albn
b) Guil Naquitz
c) Mexico City
d) Tierras Largas
e) Queyash Alto
Q:
The success of any archaeological enterprise depends on learning how to ask the right questions.
Q:
Surprisingly, the staple diet at Khok Phanom Di did not consist of rice and fish.
Q:
The early Europeans who met the Calusa were surprised by their advanced and powerful society because they lived in permanent towns, had temples and earthworks, and practiced a complex religion.
Q:
A common criticism of the early New Archaeology (functional-processual archaeology) was that the importance of ideological and symbolic aspects of societies was ignored or undervalued.
Q:
The idea that the origins of great civilizations lie in the large-scale irrigation of the alluvial plains of great rivers is called the hydraulic hypothesis.
Q:
The deductive-nomothetic form of explanation proceeds by formulating a hypothesis, establishing by deduction what would follow if the hypothesis were true, and then testing the hypothesis against fresh data.
Q:
Interpretations which stress that human actions are guided by beliefs and symbolic concepts and that underlying these are structure of thought which find expression in various forms are known as ___________
a) functionalist
b) Marxist
c) scientistic
d) processualist
e) structuralist
Q:
The concept of __________ has been introduced to permit discussion of the role of the individual in promoting change
a) symbol
b) cognition
c) agency
d) critical theory
e) structuralism
Q:
The idea that European Megaliths were used by elders and community leaders to manipulate the members of society into the continued recognition of their social status is an example of a
a) Postprocessual explanation
b) Functional-processual explanation
c) Neo-Marxist explanation
d) Migrationist or Diffusionist explanation
e) New Archaeology explanation
Q:
In contrast to the functional-processual approach that seeks to create generalizing explanation, a _________________ explanation, influenced by structuralism, critical theory, and neo-Marxist thought, favors an individualizing approach
a) hypothetico-deductive
b) culture-historical
c) refutationist
d) postprocessual
e) positivist
Q:
In the systems approach, a process that acts to dampen or counter the effects of external events, thus acting as a stabilizing mechanism, is known as
a) positivism
b) positive feedback
c) the multiplier effect
d) negative feedback
e) negativism
Q:
Phylogenetic methods are increasingly being used by historical linguists to investigate relationships between languages with the aid of
a) DNA testing of remote and isolated populations
b) new communication tools such as the internet and mobile phones
c) historical documentation and bi-lingual texts
d) computer programs that can process large quantities of data
e) all of the above
Q:
A process of reasoning by which more specific consequences are inferred by rigorous argument from more general propositions or antecedent circumstances is known as
a) induction
b) deduction
c) positivism
d) systems thinking
e) culture-historical approach
Q:
The Classic Maya kings portrayed themselves as great guarantors of prosperity and stability, but during the critical 8th and 9th centuries leading up to the Maya collapse they were unable to deliver on these promises because of
a) the superior technology of the conquering Spanish
b) the degradation of an ecosystem already pushed beyond its limits by overpopulation
c) the superior technology of the conquering Aztec
d) their need to continue to provide human sacrifice victims
e) the arrival of Quetzalcoatl from central Mexico who brought a new religious cult to the area
Q:
______________ is a theoretical approach developed by the "Frankfurt School" of German social thinkers. This approach stresses that all knowledge is historical, biased communication, and thus all claims to objective knowledge are illusory
a) Structuration Theory
b) Conjunctivist Theory
c) Catastrophe Theory
d) Critical Theory
e) Scientism
Q:
Nearly all early claims for cannibalism in the past have been shown to be true.
Q:
From a single leg bone, one can reasonably estimate the sex, age, height and general size of an individual.
Q:
Although the physical remains of most of the people who died at Pompeii have disappeared, archaeologists have been able to study these 'bodies' in the form of
a) census lists
b) plaster casts
c) cremated ashes
d) statues and other carvings
e) myths and legends
Q:
The process of cutting out a piece of bone from the skull, probably to alleviate pressure on the brain caused by a skull fracture dates back at least 7000 years and is called:
a) boring
b) probing
c) trepanation
d) osteonization
e) scalping
Q:
Scientific analysis of DNA sequences may indicate the relationships between members of royal families and determine whether or not members of a dynasty practiced
a) incest
b) cannibalism
c) exogamy
d) polygamy
e) necrophagy
Q:
Studying the lead levels in skeletons of Colonial Americans living during the 17th to 19th centuries in Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia, Arthur Aufderheide discovered that
a) wealthy plantation owners had the highest lead levels
b) white tenant farmers tended to have higher lead levels than slaves or free blacks
c) slaves and free blacks generally had the highest lead levels
d) all of the above
e) answers a and b are correct
Q:
Pathologist Arthur Aufderheide and his colleagues isolated DNA fragments from the lungs of a 900-year old Peruvian mummy and found
a) the tuberculosis bacterium, thus proving the microbe was not brought to the Americas by European colonists
b) anthrax, thus proving the region was once more arid and desertic than present
c) syphilis (Treponema palladium), thus proving the disease was not brought to the Americas by European colonists
d) all of the above
e) answers b and c only
Q:
Clues to ancient human preference for right-handedness have been found in
a) bones
b) teeth
c) tools
d) handprints
e) all of the above
Q:
"Lucy," found by Donald Johanson and his colleagues in Ethiopia, is the skeleton of
a) an Australopithecus afarensis, dated to about 3.18 mya
b) an Australopithecus afarensis, dated to about 5.9 mya
c) an Australopithecus robustus, dated to about 1.9 mya
d) a Homo erectus, dated to about 1.9 mya
e) a Homo erectus, dated to about 3.18 mya
Q:
Other indicators of age may be based on
a) fusion of cranial vault sutures
b) skull thickness
c) the ends of ribs
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
A common non-destructive method used to gain an internal view of human bodies, such as mummies, which works by creating images of cross-sectional "slices" through the body is known as
a) computerized axial tomography
b) fluxgate magnetometry
c) electron probe microanalysis
d) infrared absorption spectroscopy
e) optical emission spectrometry
Q:
Although an interesting idea, there is little support for the idea that Mesoamerican or Andean civilizations oriented many of their major buildings in accordance with astronomical alignments.