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Question
Identify and explain the four substantial trends in corrections today. Discuss why these forces are so important to the future of corrections in America.Answer
N/ARelated questions
Q:
Before Judge Jones sentences an offender, she reviews a report that allows her to learn more about the offender. Then she considers the severity level of the offense and the offender's criminal history to determine the appropriate sentence.Who prepared the report that the Court used to learn more about the offender?a. probation officerb. the defendantc. the defense attorneyd. the clerk
Q:
Tracy and Stacy have the same criminal histories and were both sentenced for a criminal sexual conduct offense. Tracy received a probation sentence and Stacy was sent to prison for twenty months. Six months later it was determined that Stacy was not involved in the offense. It was actually her twin sister Lacy. This was determined after critical evidence was reexamined.The sentences Tracy and Stacy received are an example ofa. sentencing disparity.b. good sentencing practices.c. "youdo the crime, you do the time."d. justice.
Q:
What punishment was used in sentencing Hal?a. lex talionisb. banishmentc. rehabilitationd. galley slavery
Q:
The earliest known forms of codified law were the Sumerian Laws of Mesopotamia (3100 BCE) and the _______________, developed by the King of Babylon in 1750 BCE.
a. Roman Twelve Tables
b. Law of Moses
c. Draconian Code
d. Code of Hammurabi
Q:
A(n) ____________ sentence is a fixed period of incarceration and is often associated with the concept of retribution.
a. indeterminate
b. determinate
c. intermediate
d. presumptive
Q:
The concept of selective incapacitation centers upon the idea that
a. the most serious offenders require shorter periods of incarceration.
b. a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes.
c. the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious and repetitive offenders.
d. the crime rate will remain relatively stable if those who commit serious felonies are incarcerated for long periods.
Q:
A new goal of punishment that has emerged over the last decade is called _________ justice. This process advocates a type of punishment that is designed to restore losses to the victim and the community while attempting to keep the offender connected to society.
a. retributive
b. restorative
c. reconstructive
d. restrictive
Q:
Indeterminate sentences require a minimum and maximum amount of time for offenders to serve in prison.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Fines and restitution are examples of determinate sanctions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Compare and contrast the early Pennsylvania and New York penitentiary systems.
Q:
During the colonial period, little thought was given to ____________ offenders.
Q:
An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation was called a _____________.
Q:
The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to the _____________ model of corrections.
Q:
Placement in a halfway house is an example of the use ofa. intermediate sanctions.b. sentence disparity.c. parole services.d. discrimination.
Q:
Eva was convicted of a misdemeanor drug offense. She was given a 15-day sentence that she will serve before being placed in a halfway house. She was also placed on supervision for one year. The goal is to successfully reintegrate Eva into the community.What type of facility will Eva serve her sentence in?a. jailb. prisonc. day-reporting centerd. mental hospital
Q:
What model of corrections was used at the time Josh was sentenced?a. The crime-control modelb. The medical modelc. The community-corrections modeld. The Auburn system
Q:
Josh was released due to good behavior after he served 15 months of his sentence. What type of supervision was Josh on?a. paroleb. probationc. shock probationd. none; his entire sentence was served
Q:
As community corrections evolved, prisons were to be avoided because they were artificial institutions that interfered with the offender's ability to develop
a. a crime-free lifestyle.
b. friendships.
c. social skills.
d. an interest in treatment.
Q:
In 1870 the National Prison Association held its historical meeting in what US city? It was during this meeting that the famous Declaration of Principles was proposed.
a. Philadelphia
b. New York
c. Boston
d. Cincinnati
Q:
Many of the ideas, practices, and principles that are the foundation of the American criminal justice system were adopted from what country?
a. France
b. Spain
c. England
d. Ireland
Q:
The opening of the _____________ State penitentiary in 1829 in Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania, marked the full development of the penitentiary system based on the philosophy of separate confinement.
a. Western
b. Eastern
c. Auburn
d. Sing Sing
Q:
During the colonial period, jails were mainly used to house ______________.
a. those convicted of misdemeanors
b. those held pending a court appearance
c. those convicted of felonies
d. those convicted of capital murder
Q:
____________ is a system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between one national government and multiple state governments.
a. a monarchy
b. a democracy
c. federalism
d. communism
Q:
The central purpose of corrections is to _____________.
a. determine guilt or innocence
b. incarcerate offenders
c. carry out the criminal sentence
d. rehabilitate offenders
Q:
Roughly 70 percent of those under correctional control in the United States are currently serving the sentence in what ways?
a. prison and jails
b. probation and parole
c. jails and parole
d. prison and house arrest
Q:
Evidence-based corrections is a movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about what works.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When the nation's top penologists and social reformers met in Cincinnati in 1870, they affirmed a mission of _____________ that became a model for correctional systems across the globe.
Q:
The ________________, a division of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is a national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices.
Q:
By using electronic monitoring, Mason is usinga. techno-corrections.b. motivational interviewing.c. excessive punishment.d. too much control.
Q:
Peyton is a single mother with some significant financial obligations. She has a good job in retail but has always dreamed of becoming a probation officer. She would like to enter corrections work in an entry-level position as soon as possible. She has a degree in criminal justice and is a strong believer that when working with correctional clients, methods that have been proven to work must be used. She also understands that interacting with clients in a way that increases their willingness to change behavior is important.Based on the information above, what would be a good starting position for Peyton?a. correctional officerb. wardenc. parole officerd. law enforcement officer