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Q: "Globalization and Its (Mal)econtents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of Terrorism," Michael S. Kimmel This article by Michael S. Kimmel examines the heavily gendered nature of terrorist groups of varying locations and ideologies. The role of globalization and its associated egalitarianism is cited as a major motivator for American right wing extremist groups such as White Aryan Resistance. Leaders create and spread propaganda to target disenfranchised young males who feel their opportunities have been restricted by the growth of immigration and women entering the workforce. According to them, this is perpetrated both by the feminist emasculation of men, and the control of the Jews. This emphasis on anti-Semitism and masculinity is seen in Scandinavian extremist groups as well, with the addition of a fear of homosexuality growing to undermine masculinity. The attention shifts to Al Qaida and the Taliban, Islamic extremists who recruit significantly amongst young men who have dwindling career opportunities. The rigid gender politics of the Taliban are theorized to be the result of women entering the workforce and to counteract they use a literal interpretation of the Quran to remasculinize men (hence the mandatory growth of beards), and the refeminization of women (removing them from the public sphere). The so-called "mastermind" of the 9/11 hijackings, Mohammad Atta, is presented as a man who failed at attaining employment, which was more disturbing to him next to his sisters, one of whom is a professor and the other a doctor, and thus attracted to this fundamentalism as a way to counteract his shortcomings. According to the rhetoric of far right organizations, the public weakening of patriarchal structures is, at its core, the work of a. Blacks b. women c. Muslims d. Jews

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Q: "Globalization and Its (Mal)econtents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of Terrorism," Michael S. Kimmel This article by Michael S. Kimmel examines the heavily gendered nature of terrorist groups of varying locations and ideologies. The role of globalization and its associated egalitarianism is cited as a major motivator for American right wing extremist groups such as White Aryan Resistance. Leaders create and spread propaganda to target disenfranchised young males who feel their opportunities have been restricted by the growth of immigration and women entering the workforce. According to them, this is perpetrated both by the feminist emasculation of men, and the control of the Jews. This emphasis on anti-Semitism and masculinity is seen in Scandinavian extremist groups as well, with the addition of a fear of homosexuality growing to undermine masculinity. The attention shifts to Al Qaida and the Taliban, Islamic extremists who recruit significantly amongst young men who have dwindling career opportunities. The rigid gender politics of the Taliban are theorized to be the result of women entering the workforce and to counteract they use a literal interpretation of the Quran to remasculinize men (hence the mandatory growth of beards), and the refeminization of women (removing them from the public sphere). The so-called "mastermind" of the 9/11 hijackings, Mohammad Atta, is presented as a man who failed at attaining employment, which was more disturbing to him next to his sisters, one of whom is a professor and the other a doctor, and thus attracted to this fundamentalism as a way to counteract his shortcomings. According to Kimmel, the ideological resource utilized by political extremist and racist organizations is a. masculinity b. femininity c. socialism d. intersectionality

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Q: "Globalization and Its (Mal)econtents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of Terrorism," Michael S. Kimmel This article by Michael S. Kimmel examines the heavily gendered nature of terrorist groups of varying locations and ideologies. The role of globalization and its associated egalitarianism is cited as a major motivator for American right wing extremist groups such as White Aryan Resistance. Leaders create and spread propaganda to target disenfranchised young males who feel their opportunities have been restricted by the growth of immigration and women entering the workforce. According to them, this is perpetrated both by the feminist emasculation of men, and the control of the Jews. This emphasis on anti-Semitism and masculinity is seen in Scandinavian extremist groups as well, with the addition of a fear of homosexuality growing to undermine masculinity. The attention shifts to Al Qaida and the Taliban, Islamic extremists who recruit significantly amongst young men who have dwindling career opportunities. The rigid gender politics of the Taliban are theorized to be the result of women entering the workforce and to counteract they use a literal interpretation of the Quran to remasculinize men (hence the mandatory growth of beards), and the refeminization of women (removing them from the public sphere). The so-called "mastermind" of the 9/11 hijackings, Mohammad Atta, is presented as a man who failed at attaining employment, which was more disturbing to him next to his sisters, one of whom is a professor and the other a doctor, and thus attracted to this fundamentalism as a way to counteract his shortcomings. According to Kimmel, the impact of global political and economic restructuring is greatest on a. men b. women c. men and women equally d. children

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Q: "Movement Intersectionality: The Case of Race, Gender, Disability, and Genetic Technologies," Dorothy Roberts and Sujatha Jesudason Roberts and Jesudason shift the issue of intersectionality to examine issues of genetics and reproductive technologies. They do this by examining the work of Generations Ahead, a social justice organization that protects human rights as related to reproductive justice. Their perspective is that differences between people should be acknowledged and respected, not to separate but to recognize the heterogeneity that exists in society amongst marginalized groups. The concern that reproductive technologies, as well as genetic screenings, may be implemented in ways that punish some groups more than others, such as the perception of Black and Latina women as being hypersexual and hyperfertile. They conclude that reproductive autonomy should apply to anyone looking to have children, including children who may have disabilities. Policy advocacy should also be focused upon providing support to all women, families, and communities, and not argue about when life begins or who can become a parent. According to Roberts and Jesudason, people looking to build coalitions must ________ differences amongst them a. transcend b. surpass c. confront d. contextualize

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Q: "The Intersectional Paradigm and Alternative Visions to Stopping Domestic Violence: What Poor women, Women of Color, and Immigrant Women Are Teaching Us About Violence in the Family," Natalie J. Sokoloff Sokoloff's work studies the problem of domestic violence from an intersectional perspective. By doing this, she challenges the notion that gender inequality is the only primary force driving the problem. The approach has two distinct objectives: giving voices to battered women, as well as addressing socially structured inequalities that feed into the problem. One of her major critiques is that the often-supported "colorblind" approach to domestic violence (specifically in that it cuts through all races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses), it prevents larger social structural problems that feed into the problem from being recognized and addressed. As an example of this, research shows that controlling for economics, African American women are less likely to experience domestic violence, and that neighborhood factors (less collective efficacy) is a more significant determining factor than race is. The tendency to approach cases of domestic violence as part of a different cultural perspective (such as honor killings), also minimizes the perceptions of domestic violence with persons of color. Finally, community based programs are outlined that seek to prevent these issues through structural change are examined. The relationship between race and intimate partner violence can be described as a. Highly correlated b. Race acting as a proxy measure for neighborhood/environment c. Race acting as a proxy measure for family d. Inversely correlated

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Q: "The Intersectional Paradigm and Alternative Visions to Stopping Domestic Violence: What Poor women, Women of Color, and Immigrant Women Are Teaching Us About Violence in the Family," Natalie J. Sokoloff Sokoloff's work studies the problem of domestic violence from an intersectional perspective. By doing this, she challenges the notion that gender inequality is the only primary force driving the problem. The approach has two distinct objectives: giving voices to battered women, as well as addressing socially structured inequalities that feed into the problem. One of her major critiques is that the often-supported "colorblind" approach to domestic violence (specifically in that it cuts through all races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses), it prevents larger social structural problems that feed into the problem from being recognized and addressed. As an example of this, research shows that controlling for economics, African American women are less likely to experience domestic violence, and that neighborhood factors (less collective efficacy) is a more significant determining factor than race is. The tendency to approach cases of domestic violence as part of a different cultural perspective (such as honor killings), also minimizes the perceptions of domestic violence with persons of color. Finally, community based programs are outlined that seek to prevent these issues through structural change are examined. Research shows that Black women are _________ than White women to be battered when controlling for income and marital status. a. less b. more c. significantly more d. about the same

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Q: "Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the Wal-Mart Shop Floor," Sandra E. Weissinger Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain the variation in women's experiences. She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and complex ways, contributing to the persistence of "a web of intersecting and relational inequalities." Ms. Gina Espinoza-Price was _______________six weeks after complaining about sexual harassment. a. given a promotion b. given a raise c. sued for libel by the manager she accused d. terminated from her job at Wal-Mart

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Q: "Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the Wal-Mart Shop Floor," Sandra E. Weissinger Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain the variation in women's experiences. She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and complex ways, contributing to the persistence of "a web of intersecting and relational inequalities." Uma Jean Minor noted that her Wal-Mart wages were not sufficient to: a. purchase a home b. pay for higher education c. lift her out of poverty d. pay her legal fees

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Q: "Racism in Toyland," Christine WilliamsWilliams examines the social organization of shopping and uncovers labor, advertising and other practices that perpetuate racial (as well as gender and class) injustice and inequality. She identifies problems in retail policies such as selective advertising; opposition to public bus service to malls; job segregation; and racial profiling by clerks and security guards. Williams views the raising of awareness as a first step in creating a better alternative.According to Williams, middle-class Whites do not recognize the privileges they get while shopping because:a. it rarely happensb. any privileges barely cancel out all the disadvantagesc. it is so customaryd. they are too busy to notice

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Q: "Racism in Toyland," Christine Williams Williams examines the social organization of shopping and uncovers labor, advertising and other practices that perpetuate racial (as well as gender and class) injustice and inequality. She identifies problems in retail policies such as selective advertising; opposition to public bus service to malls; job segregation; and racial profiling by clerks and security guards. Williams views the raising of awareness as a first step in creating a better alternative. The history of suburban malls is a history of: a. intentional racial segregation b. the creation of egalitarian space where all shoppers are equal c. intentional racial integration d. unintentional racial segregation

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Q: "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal?" Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant's name might influence whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes. This article reports their findings. Bertrand and Mullainathan found _______________ racial differences in callback rates. a. small but significant b. no c. insignificant d. large

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Q: "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal?" Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant's name might influence whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes. This article reports their findings. Bertrand and Mullainathan experimentally manipulated the perception of race by the _______________ of the applicant. a. resume quality b. name c. education d. occupation

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Q: "Inequality and the Growth of Bad Jobs", Matt Vidal Vidal takes a more nuanced look at the shifting inequality in America, specifically how the job market perpetuates it. He points out that more than a quarter of employed Americans work in a low-wage job, and that this segment of the jobs market has increased faster in recent years when compared to other, higher paying ones. Comparatively, low-skill jobs have decreased, meaning that more skilled jobs are paying less money. Due to the fact that large corporate entities have focused on outsourcing as a way to cut costs, the job market for low skilled employees is not expanding, with increasing poverty due to a lack of a living wage. The declining wage share in American economics is closely correlated to a. increase in education b. deunionization c. further industrialization d. technological growth

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Q: "Seeing in 3D," Margaret L. Andersen Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups experience economic change in different ways. Asking, "what would we see differently were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind," Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the intersections of race, class and gender. Compared to men, women have slightly higher: a. credit scores b. incomes c. absentee rates d. positions in the private labor market

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Q: "Seeing in 3D," Margaret L. Andersen Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups experience economic change in different ways. Asking, "what would we see differently were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind," Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the intersections of race, class and gender. For most women _______________, not discrimination, is the depressor of wages. a. part-time work b. time off to care for family members c. job segregation d. prejudice

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Q: "Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International Migration," Denise BrennanAddressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women - predominantly poor, single mothers with limited educations - see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the "savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless."Dominican sex workers make a distinction between marriage for love and marriage for:a. obtaining fathers for their childrenb. romancec. making a familyd. visas

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Q: "Straight: The Surprisingly Short History of Heterosexuality," Hanne Blank Blank draws upon personal experience regarding the topic of being labeled "straight" based upon her own definition, having a male-appearing partner who has Klienfelter's Syndrome, a chromosomal makeup that includes an additional X chromosome. The role that genetics, as well as biology (in the form of being able to reproduce) have been used to define what is male and female are addressed as being non-binary, while our definitions of sexuality usually is based on those simple assumptions (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual). The fact that "heterosexual" and "homosexual" are terms of relatively recent origin, and have been tied more closely to legal issues than anything related to personal perception or identity. The identity (and label) "heterosexual" has, according to Blank, only existed since a. 1845 b. 1869 c. 1921 d. 1944

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Q: "The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned KatzThe author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression.In Sexual Behavior of the Human Male, Kinsey found that:a. homosexual experience is virtually absent within males.b. homosexual experience is rare among young and middle-aged males.c. homosexual experience is more common than was previously thought.d. homosexuality is rare among elderly men.

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Q: "The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned Katz The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression. Katz refers to the time period when the heterosexual norm went almost unchallenged as: a. the cult of domesticity b. heterosexual hegemony c. hetero/homo duo d. heterosexual mystique

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Q: "The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned KatzThe author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression.During the Early Victorian True Love era (1820-1860), the human body was thought of as a means for:a. pleasureb. sensualityc. procreationd. consumption

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Q: "The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned Katz The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression. According to Katz, the idea of heterosexuality is a modern invention, dating to the ______ century. a. early 16th b. late 17th c. early 18th d. late 19th

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Q: "The Prison and the Closet," Patricia Hill Collins Patricia Hill Collins considers the intersecting relationship between racism and heterosexism. She argues that the assumption that these two hegemonic ideologies represent separate systems of oppression obscures the fact that racism and sexism rely upon each other for meaning. Without sacrificing the acknowledgement of differences in the way that racism and heterosexism manifest, the author shows that the two systems converge and that both systems affect the everyday lives of all people. Racism and heterosexism use similar mechanisms to maintain: a. racial and sexual hierarchies b. race and class hierarchies c. discrimination in education d. prejudice

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Q: "The Prison and the Closet," Patricia Hill CollinsPatricia Hill Collins considers the intersecting relationship between racism and heterosexism. She argues that the assumption that these two hegemonic ideologies represent separate systems of oppression obscures the fact that racism and sexism rely upon each other for meaning. Without sacrificing the acknowledgement of differences in the way that racism and heterosexism manifest, the author shows that the two systems converge and that both systems affect the everyday lives of all people.The sexual exploitation of women has been a basic ingredient of _____________, according to the authors:a. sexismb. prisonsc. closetsd. racism

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Q: The Gendered Rice Bowl: The Sexual Politics of Service Work in Urban China", Amy Hanser. Hanser examines the shifts in perception of femininity that have occurred in China during the country's transition from socialism to its current, more capitalistic stage. At first she discusses the ways in which young women were portrayed as strong (physically and mentally) and part of the agricultural labor force that would drive socialism, and the associated egalitarianism. Now, however, the ideal of femininity is that of the fashion model, with middle-aged women seen as a symbol of a distant and dated past. The sexualization of women was seen via two participant observation experiences, one at a state-owned clothing store and the other a more upscale, privately owned business. The former had a more middle aged staff, with proficiency and experience being the benchmarks of success. The latter, however, emphasized a sexualized presentation from youthful sales clerks. These women, however, were seen by the older employees as being of lower social class and having less ability as workers. The overall conclusion was centered on how inequality was perpetrated and enforced by these differing approaches. According to Hanser, a woman who is admired for her work is most likely to be a(n) Agricultural worker a. Lawyer b. Mother c. Fashion model d. Agricultural worker

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Q: "Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference," Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael MessnerMaxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new framework of the study of gender. The "prism of difference" they describe broadens the traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a "prism," instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc., the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to expand our understanding of gender.In the 1970s, riding the wave of a resurgent feminist movement, colleges and universities began to develop women's studies courses that aimed first and foremost to make women's lives:a. tolerable.b. visible.c. acceptable.d. interesting.

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Q: "Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference," Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new framework of the study of gender. The "prism of difference" they describe broadens the traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a "prism," instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc., the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to expand our understanding of gender. The authors of "Gender Through the Prism of Difference," argue that traditional women's studies ignored the experiences of women who: a. were homemakers. b. were married. c. were not white and from the middle class. d. were middle class and educated.

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Q: "A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY," Carolina Bank Munoz Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues, seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students, but would also assure that this country does not lose "a generation of extraordinarily bright and talented students..." Immigration policy is flawed because: a. it fails to keep out undocumented workers b. it seeks individual solutions to structural problems c. it seeks structural solutions to individual problems d. it creates too easy a path to legal citizenship

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Q: "A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY," Carolina Bank Munoz Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues, seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students, but would also assure that this country does not lose "a generation of extraordinarily bright and talented students..." Why do undocumented high school students often drop out? a. They see that they have no opportunities for upward mobility. b. They want to return to their home countries. c. Their parents want them to earn wages instead of getting an education. d. They don"t value education as a means to upward mobility.

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Q: "Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" Mary C. WatersMary Waters explores the difference in ethnic identities experienced by White and non-White ethnic and racial groups. Waters asserts that White ethnics are able to decide if, and what part of, their ethnic ancestry they want to claim. For White ethnics, theirs is a symbolic ethnicity, one which is individually designed and only serves to benefit White ethnics. Non-White groups do not have the same choice regarding their ethnic identities because the physical distinctions of these groups denies the choice. As a result, Waters argues, non-White ethnic group members are unable to avoid the negative experiences associated with being a member of an ethnic/racial minority group. Because White ethnics view their own ethnicities as voluntarily acquired and since those aspects of their ethnicity which are not beneficial to them are ignored, White ethnics do not recognize the involuntary nature of non-White ethnicities, nor do they identify with the racial oppression experienced by these groups. Waters points out that this understanding results in problematic race relations which can be seen on college campuses around the country. Waters argues that a cultural pluralistic society can only be achieved once the dynamics and consequences of ethnic identity are recognized by individuals and within social institutions.According to "Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" as a result of the exclusion they experienced at college, Black students may form:a. militant defense groups.b. oppositional identities.c. inhibited identities.d. symbolic ethnicities.

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Q: "Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" Mary C. WatersMary Waters explores the difference in ethnic identities experienced by White and non-White ethnic and racial groups. Waters asserts that White ethnics are able to decide if, and what part of, their ethnic ancestry they want to claim. For White ethnics, theirs is a symbolic ethnicity, one which is individually designed and only serves to benefit White ethnics. Non-White groups do not have the same choice regarding their ethnic identities because the physical distinctions of these groups denies the choice. As a result, Waters argues, non-White ethnic group members are unable to avoid the negative experiences associated with being a member of an ethnic/racial minority group. Because White ethnics view their own ethnicities as voluntarily acquired and since those aspects of their ethnicity which are not beneficial to them are ignored, White ethnics do not recognize the involuntary nature of non-White ethnicities, nor do they identify with the racial oppression experienced by these groups. Waters points out that this understanding results in problematic race relations which can be seen on college campuses around the country. Waters argues that a cultural pluralistic society can only be achieved once the dynamics and consequences of ethnic identity are recognized by individuals and within social institutions.According to Mary Waters in "Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" White ethnics fail to recognize:a. the difference between individualistic symbolic ethnic identity and a socially enforced and imposed racial identity.b. the similarity between individualistic symbolic ethnic identity and a socially enforced and imposed racial identity.c. that some ethnicities are more important than others.d. that all ethnicities are merely symbolic in today's worlds.

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