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Question
Explain the difference between a necessary and a sufficient cause. Give an example of each from the criminal justice literature.Answer
N/ARelated questions
Q:
What type of study attempts to account for errors in drawing a sample by measuring the same people on two or more occasions?
a. cohort study
b. panel study
c. trend study
d. cross-sectional study
Q:
When we are concerned with whether we are correct in inferring that a cause produced an effect, we are concerned with the:
a. reliability
b. generalizability
c. validity
d. probability
Q:
Retrospective studies have the danger of faulty memories or even subjects lying.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Explanatory studies are not cross-sectional.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When using students in your class as research subjects and having them complete a questionnaire, there is a potential for ethical problems in that their participation may not be .
Q:
The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted in
a. a maximum security prison
b. a laboratory
c. a death row wing of a federal penitentiary
d. a mental hospital
Q:
Which of the following is generally recognized as an ethical procedure for subject/participant selection?
a. assimilation
b. correlation
c. randomization
d. deception
Q:
A researcher may face legal liability when
a. they observe crime occurring during the course of their study but decide not to report it to the police
b. they become a participant in the criminal activity they are observing
c. they have knowledge that research subjects have committed illegal acts
d. all of the above
Q:
Virtually all research that uses human subjects is:
a. subject to international review board review
b. considered to be unethical
c. considered unreliable
d. subject to institutional review board review
Q:
When information is gathered by researchers and there are no identifying characteristics allowing the researchers to match up results to individual subjects, this illustrates:
a. confidentiality
b. the absence of deception
c. anonymity
d. assurance of voluntary participation
Q:
Which of the following have the potential to present ethical dilemmas/challenges to researchers?a. mandatory reporting requirementsb. withholding desirable treatmentsc. staff misbehaviord. all of the above
Q:
Immunity as part of federal protection from legal action requires
a. researchers to prominently display all licenses
b. researchers to testify in open court
c. confidential information to be protected
d. confidential information to be revealed
Q:
Which of the following represents voluntary participation?
a. giving small amounts of money to a subject
b. asking people on the street at the noon hour if they would like to participate in research
c. using a class of students at the local college
d. full disclosure of research purpose with informed consent
Q:
Which of the following comes closest to the purpose of an institutional review board?
a. to determine if adequate safeguards for general welfare of subjects is in place
b. to determine if the proposed research is worthy of study
c. to turn violators of ethical principles over to the police
d. to make it difficult for any social science research to be completed
Q:
The National Crime Victimization Survey prevents researchers of the public from having information on a victim's
a. age
b. relationship to an offender
c. place of residence
d. gender
Q:
With regard to drug formulation research, which of the following is a consequence of not publishing unsuccessful research findings?
a. accusations of fraudulent practices
b. legal liability
c. research bias
d. studies on ineffective drugs are repeated unnecessarily
Q:
Which of the following is not an accurate description of the simulated prison project?
a. subjects accepted their roles very readily with guards becoming aggressive while prisoners became passive
b. debriefing sessions were held at the conclusion of the project to insure that there was no long term damage to the participants
c. participants were allowed to select their preferred role (guard or prisoner)
d. videotapes and audio tapes were made of the entire simulation
Q:
Attempts to guard against harm to the participants in the simulated prison were accomplished by all of the following except
a. making certain that all participants were psychologically healthy
b. insisting that those who were assigned the guard role would not use physical force against those assigned to the role of prisoner
c. any participant who showed distress was released from the simulation early
d. allowing participants to select their preferred role (prisoner or guard)
Q:
Which of the following are not exempt from IRB review under federal guidelines?
a. research involving the analysis of existing data
b. research involving the use of educational tests that are cognitive in nature
c. research conducted in established educational settings that involve normal education practices
d. research that uses living subjects who have participated in at least one prior research study
Q:
What was the primary reason for the establishment of institutional review boards?
a. questionnaires administered that asked subjects to report on deviant sexual behaviors
b. research on juveniles that focus upon their treatment as adults by the criminal justice system
c. medical experimentation
d. personal interviews with prisoners asking them to describe crimes that were not known to the police
Q:
Identify the differences between randomized evaluation designs and quasi-experimental designs. Give an example of the appropriate use of each.
Q:
represents the process through which subjects are accumulated in experimental and control groups.
Q:
In process evaluation, the focus is on:
a. the inputs to the program
b. the people who work in the process
c. the program outputs
d. the program process
Q:
Which of the following embody the means to achieve desired policy goals?
a. outputs
b. inputs
c. impacts
d. achievements
Q:
Any public policy discussion involves politics. Which of the following is not accurate with respect to ethics and the political aspects of applied research?
a. there is no set of political norms that are agreed upon by all criminal justice researchers
b. just as there are codes for ethical conduct for researchers, there are formal codes of accepted political conduct
c. ethics of criminal justice research deals more with the methods used while political issues are more concerned with the substance and use of the research
d. there is no formal code of accepted political conduct
Q:
Which of the following is in contrast to incident-oriented policing?
a. problem-oriented policing
b. reactive-oriented policing
c. call for service policing
d. report-driven policing
Q:
Randomized experiments for evaluation purposes require which of the following?
a. case flow must be adequate to produce enough subjects in both the experimental and the control groups
b. program staff must accept random assignment and minimize the exceptions to randomization
c. experimental interventions must be consistently applied
d. all of the above
Q:
Treatment integrity is roughly equivalent to:
a. reliability
b. validity
c. generalizability
d. the accuracy of the data
Q:
Program goals represent:
a. empirical indicators
b. desired outcomes
c. inputs
d. standards
Q:
When a researcher prepares their understanding of a program's goals, elements, and operations, she is preparing a
program:
a. evaluation
b. description
c. analysis
d. hypothesis