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Question
Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?
A. cross-sectional
B. prospective
C. longitudinal
D. all of the above
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Fifteen-year-old Randall was a participant in a research study on risk-taking. According to his answers on the survey, Randall understands the dangers of drinking and driving, having unprotected sex, and using marijuana. However, at a party last week, Randall was seen smoking marijuana and getting into a car with an intoxicated driver. How would you explain this inconsistency in Randall's behavior in terms of the four main aspects of brain development?
Q:
According to the textbook, a good deal of adolescents' risk taking takes place in contexts in which:
A. they are unsupervised by adults and exposed to peer pressure.
B. older, opposite sex peers are present.
C. they are in a new, exciting environment.
D. there are at least 3 peers present.
Q:
Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk-taking?
A. behavioral decision theory
B. alternative choices theory
C. desirability theory
D. cognitive development theory
Q:
Early in adolescence, moral guidelines are:
A. seen as absolutes.
B. seen as subjective.
C. based on principles such as equality, justice, or fairness.
D. based on abstract guidelines.
Q:
All of the following are themes that have emerged from the research findings of studies that investigate different aspects of social cognition during adolescence except:
A. as individuals move into and through adolescence they become better able to step outside themselves and see things from other vantage points.
B. adolescents are better able to see that the social rules we follow are not absolute and are therefore subject to debate and questioning.
C. with age, adolescents develop a more differentiated, more nuanced understanding of social norms.
D. with age, all adolescents increasingly reject the authority of adults by challenging and dismissing the morals established by their parents.
Q:
In addition to an increase in responsiveness to stress, changes in the _____ may also help explain why adolescents' concerns about what their peers think increase during this time.
A. prefrontal cortex
B. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C. limbic system
D. levels of grey matter
Q:
One aspect of brain maturation that is associated with the "remodeling" that takes place in the brain during adolescence is:
A. formal operational thought.
B. myelination.
C. metacognition.
D. information-processing gains.
Q:
The formation of synapses is:
A. almost entirely genetically programmed.
B. almost entirely formed through experience.
C. both genetically programmed and formed through experience.
D. random.
Q:
The transition from concrete operational thought to formal operational thought occurs:
A. very suddenly and evenly across all domains of functioning.
B. at the same age, regardless of the environment.
C. very gradually and unevenly across domains of functioning.
D. the change is barely noticeable.
Q:
Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, which stage is Rose functioning at?
A. preoperational
B. concrete operations
C. formal operations
D. sensorimotor
Q:
The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:
A. seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute.
B. thinking in terms of what's possible rather than what's real.
C. thinking about the process of thinking.
D. viewing reality in terms of multiple dimensions.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the five chief changes in cognition during adolescence?
A. multidimensional thought
B. metacognition
C. abstract reasoning
D. increased imagination
Q:
The potentially fatal disorder in which young women actually starve themselves is called:
A. bulimia.
B. anorexia nervosa.
C. obesity nervosa.
D. purging.
Q:
Which of the following is not typical of the obsession many girls in the United States have to be excessively thin?
A. They have mothers who have body image problems.
B. They are culturally less Americanized.
C. They have more negative relationships with their parents than their peers who are less concerned about being thin.
D. Their attempts to control their weight through excessive dieting, use of laxatives, and deliberate vomiting lead to weight gain, not weight loss.
Q:
According to the textbook, in general, the amount of time individuals spend in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity:
A. increases from childhood to adolescence.
B. decreases from childhood to adolescence.
C. remains the same from childhood to adolescence.
D. is directly related to socioeconomic status.
Q:
Follow-up studies of Swedish women who had been early maturers found that as adults they were:
A. unable to develop coping skills.
B. less likely to continue their education beyond high school.
C. more likely to continue their education beyond high school.
D. indistinguishable from those who had been late maturers.
Q:
In America, early-maturing girls are more likely than their late-maturing peers to:
A. be unpopular.
B. have a lower self-image.
C. succeed in school.
D. perceive themselves as attractive.
Q:
Which of the following characteristics is not typically associated with being an early-maturing girl?
A. feelings of awkwardness and self-consciousness
B. being less popular, especially with boys
C. being more likely to become involved in juvenile delinquency
D. being less likely to pursue advanced education and a demanding career
Q:
Follow-up studies of men who had been late maturers as adolescents revealed that as adults they are:
A. more conforming.
B. less creative and insightful.
C. more conventional.
D. more insightful and inventive.
Q:
Suzanne and Greg are the first members of their class to begin the pubertal transition. Based on what you know about early maturing adolescents, Suzanne and Greg are more likely to:
A. become involved in deviant activities.
B. do better in school.
C. be ostracized by their classmates.
D. get along with their parents.
Q:
When compared with their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are:
A. less likely to name other adolescents and more likely to name adults as people who are important to them.
B. more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as going out on dates.
C. less likely to experience family conflict.
D. less likely to be depressed.
Q:
Joe is extremely moody. His mother attributes his mood swings to being an adolescent. Based on your understanding of adolescent mood swings, what would you tell Joe's mom?
A. Joe is a victim of raging hormones.
B. Moodiness is a genetic trait that Joe inherited from his parents.
C. Joe's moods are most likely linked to his daily activities.
D. Moodiness during adolescence is rare and Joe should seek psychiatric help.
Q:
Studies show that adolescent mood swings parallel their changes in:
A. hormone levels.
B. family relationships.
C. nutrition.
D. activities.
Q:
Puberty began for Nancy when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11 years. For her grandmother, the onset was at 13 years of age. These changes in the age of onset of puberty over time are referred to as:
A. cross-sectional trend.
B. secular trend.
C. longitudinal trend.
D. physiologic trend.
Q:
According to the textbook, Julie, a seventeen-year-old living in a college dormitory, has noticed that her menstrual periods have begun to synchronize with _____, which is compelling evidence that social relationships can affect biological functioning.
A. the time her female roommate menstruates
B. her most stressful days of the month
C. days she feels most sexually aroused
D. her biological sister living in a different city
Q:
Which of the following factors have not been found to influence the onset of maturation?
A. father absence
B. good nutrition
C. family conflict
D. peer pressure
Q:
Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment are largely caused by:
A. hormonal factors.
B. genetic factors.
C. environmental factors.
D. None of the above
Q:
Molly's breasts are beginning to develop, she is beginning to grow pubic hair, and her body is growing rapidly. This change is brought about by the secretion of _____ by the _____.
A. estrogen; testes
B. androgens; ovaries
C. estrogen; ovaries
D. androgens; testes
Q:
Which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys?
A. production of sperm
B. appearance of facial hair
C. growth of testes and scrotum
D. growth of penis
Q:
All of the following are reasons that males have greater gains in strength than females during early adolescence, except:
A. increased production of androgens.
B. strong societal pressures on girls to decrease their physical activity in preadolescence.
C. inadequate nutrition among adolescent girls.
D. adolescent girls' increase in body fat.