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Question
Discuss the different hypotheses that the chapter presents for how the first primates adapted to share the same suite of diagnostic characteristics.Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Derived features of the Neanderthals includea. thin limbs. b. low, flat crania. c. gracile faces.d. large brains.
Q:
The first Neanderthal findings were thought to be
a. diseased modern humans.
b. an extinct prehuman animal.
c. an undiscovered living race of people.
d. evidence of H. erectus in Europe.
Q:
Neanderthals lived ina. Europe only. b. Europe and western Asia. c. Asia only.d. Africa and eastern Asia.
Q:
The projecting nose of Homo ergaster may have
a. increased their olfactory ability.
b. decreased the amount of oxygen available in each inhalation.
c. helped to prevent moisture loss.
d. altered the sound of their voices while using language.
Q:
Acheulean stone tools were
a. varied randomly in size and shape.
b. more standardized than Oldowan tools.
c. probably used mainly for chopping.
d. a Mode 3 technology.
Q:
Homo ergaster used
a. Oldowan and Acheulean tools.
b. bone and wood tools but not stone tools.
c. Mousterian tools.
d. the earliest metal tools.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the African range of Homo ergaster?
a. H. ergaster specialized in the woodland forests of East Africa.
b. By 1.8 mya, H. ergaster had extended its range to the most northern and southern parts of Africa.
c. H. ergaster could not colonize the high-altitude plateaus of Ethiopia or use the dry edges of the Rift Valley.
d. This species' range encompassed almost the entire continent, which means that it was adapted to a broad range of environmental conditions.
Q:
Spheroids were most likelya. bolas used in hunting. b. hammers used for knapping. c. flakes used to make digging sticks.d. anvils used to crack nuts.
Q:
Which of the following is evidence that early hominins acquired meat by hunting?
a. Associations of tools and animal bones have been found.
b. Cut marks are common on limb bones.
c. Tooth marks are common on the shafts of limb bones.
d. The existence of home bases has not been demonstrated.
Q:
What kinds of studies established that most of the accumulated bones found in Olduvai were NOT deposited by natural causes?a. Taxonomic b. Taphonomic c. Palynologicald. Microscopic
Q:
Olduvai bone and stone-tool accumulations were most likely
a. home bases.
b. butchery sites.
c. natural accumulations due to water movement.
d. plant extraction sites.
Q:
At modern kill sites there is
a. little conflict.
b. conflict, but only between members of different species.
c. conflict, but only between members of the same species.
d. conflict, both between members of different species and between members of the same species.
Q:
At modern kill sites
a. hunters usually take meat from the limbs, and scavengers eat meat from the skull and vertebrae.
b. hunters usually take meat from the skull and vertebrae, and scavengers eat meat from the limbs.
c. hunters take almost all of the meat, and scavengers eat only cartilage and bone marrow.
d. hunters and scavengers share all parts of carcasses.
Q:
Large mammalian carnivores in Africa
a. never scavenge for meat.
b. scavenge only when they are sick or old.
c. often scavenge for meat rather than hunting.
d. almost always scavenge for meat and vary rarely hunt.
Q:
Which of the following statements is likely true regarding the Olduvai sites?
a. There is definitive evidence of "home bases" at Olduvai Gorge.
b. Paleoanthropologists are not able to distinguish between animal tooth marks and stone-tool marks on animal bones from Olduvai Gorge.
c. Taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominids were sometimes hunters and sometimes scavengers.
d. There are no sites at Olduvai that are simply carnivore kill or cache sites.
Q:
Evidence that hominins ate meat includesa. stone-tool marks on prey bones. b. hominin tooth marks on prey bones. c. hominin fingerprints on prey bones.d. the shape of hominin molars.
Q:
Experimental analysis of bone tools from South Africa suggests that they were used toa. dig up plant roots and tubers. b. extract termites from their mounds. c. dig up tree roots.d. bury carcasses.
Q:
Among contemporary foragers,
a. food sharing and hunting are closely linked.
b. only vegetable matter is shared.
c. all types of food are shared.
d. almost no food is shared.
Q:
The first use of tools
a. was by australopithecine ancestors of humans.
b. probably precedes the divergence of humans and apes.
c. occurred after the evolution of bipedalism.
d. involved distinctly human abilities.
Q:
Which known member of the genus Australopithecus is most like an ancestor to later australopiths and even of our genus, Homo? Support your suggestion with information about features of the hominins noted in the chapter.
Q:
Compare and contrast the characteristics of Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus. What kinds of environments did they live in? How did the environment shape the evolution of their morphology?
Q:
Compared to the gracile australopiths, the robust australopiths
a. were twice the body size.
b. exhibit a number of derived features of the cranium and teeth.
c. were not appreciably different in any way.
d. have all come from East African sites.
Q:
Which early hominin had molarized premolars and megadont molars for extremely heavy chewing?a. Paranthropus robustus. b. Australopithecus afarensis. c. Paranthropus boisei.d. Australopithecus africanus.
Q:
Australopithecus africanus has derived features not shared with humans. These includea. a fully bipedal gait. b. large canines. c. heavy chewing adaptations.d. a modified pelvis.
Q:
A femur from a bipedal primate ________ than that of a quadrupedal primate.a. has more torque b. is shorter c. is angled inward mored. is angled outward more
Q:
It is likely that Australopithecus afarensisa. matured more slowly than chimpanzees.b. had a brain size three to four times bigger than those of chimpanzees.c. made and used stone tools to scavenge meat.d. lived throughout West, Central, East, and South Africa.
Q:
Features of Australopithecus afarensis that are intermediate between those of apes and humans includea. the shape of the skull.b. the size of the canines. c. the size of the brain.d. both a and b.
Q:
Orrorin tugenensis is identified as a very likely hominid on the basis of what evidence?
a. Features of the base of the skull
b. Footprints preserved in volcanic ash
c. Features of the femur
d. Features of the spine and ribs
Q:
During the late Miocene, Africa
a. became warmer and wetter.
b. had an expansion of dense forests.
c. experienced less rain and was more seasonal.
d. shifted farther north.
Q:
You are an expert paleontologist reviewing the work of Professor Bonefinder, who recently discovered the remains of a primate fossil from South America. The fossil has a long snout, a tail, and large orbits that face toward the side and are only partially enclosed. The fossil has been securely dated to about 30 mya. Bonefinder concluded that this fossil is a hominoid. Do you think Professor Bonefinder's analysis is correct? Explain your evaluation.