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Question
Describe some of the major changes in brain development in middle childhood and the effects these changes have on cognition.
Answer
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Discuss Levinson's concept of a dream and the role that mentors play in the attainment of dreams.
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According to the concept of gene-environment correlation, A)the environments to which we are exposed determine which genes are expressed in our phenotypes. B)our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed. C)heredity restricts the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes. D)our genes influence how we respond to the environment.
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Gene-environment interaction shows that A)people respond similarly to the same environment. B)different gene-environment combinations can make two people look the same. C)people with different gene-environment combinations never respond similarly. D)heredity restricts the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes.
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Because the environments of most twin pairs are less diverse than those of the general population, A)heritability estimates are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity. B)it is often difficult to determine the heritability estimate. C)it is often difficult to conduct a kinship study. D)heritability estimates are likely to exaggerate the role of the environment.
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In cultures that emphasize individualism, people A)define themselves as part of a group. B)are largely concerned with their own personal needs. C)value an interdependent self. D)readily endorse public policies for low-SES families.
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Which of the following children is least likely to participate in community-center enrichment activities? A)Meagan, who lives in a stimulating home B)Francois, who lives in a middle-income neighborhood C)Chantel, who lives in a chaotic neighborhood D)Lucius, who lives in an affluent neighborhood
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Affluent parents A)too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development. B)are less likely than low-SES parents to have children who use alcohol and drugs. C)are less likely than low-SES parents to have children who report high levels of depression. D)are more likely than low-SES parents to engage in parenting that promote favorable development.
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A United Nations petition called "I am Malalah"demanded that
A)girls be banned from attending school in Pakistan.
B)all children be enrolled in school by the end of 2015.
C)Malalah Yousafzai, a Pakistani schoolgirl, be honored for bravery.
D)girls in developing nations receive free health care.
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Which of the following statements about surrogate motherhood is true? A)Most surrogates have no children of their own. B)Surrogates cannot be paid for their childbearing services. C)It usually involves the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates. D)It usually involves younger couples as contractors and older women as surrogates.
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In somatic mutation, A)the defective DNA is passed on to the next generation. B)cells that give rise to gametes mutate. C)the event giving rise to the mutation occurs at conception. D)the DNA defect appears in every cell derived from the affected body cell.
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__________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can lead to __________. A)Mutation; hereditary abnormalities B)Meiosis; X-linked disorders C)Mitosis; fragile X syndrome D)Genomic imprinting; mutations
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Fragile X syndrome A)is an example of polygenic inheritance. B)occurs when there is a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA. C)is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability. D)occurs more often in females than males because the disorder is X-linked.
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Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are __________ likely to __________. A)more; commit delinquent and violent acts B)more; use drugs and alcohol C)more; have early sex D)less; commit delinquent and violent acts
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Dr. Kempsell combines interviews, observations, and test scores to obtain a full picture of one individual's psychological functioning. This is an example of
A)naturalistic observation.
B)structured observation.
C)a structured interview.
D)the clinical, or case study, method.
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A major advantage of structured observation is that it A)is useful for studying behaviors that investigators rarely have an opportunity to see in everyday life. B)permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life. C)yields richly detailed narratives that offer valuable insight into the many factors that affect development. D)allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings.
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Dr. Brown observes behavior in a laboratory, where conditions are the same for all participants. This is an example of A)the clinical, or case study, method. B)structured observation. C)naturalistic observation. D)ethnography.
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According to Vygotsky's theory,
A)today's lifestyles differ so radically from those of our evolutionary ancestors that certain evolved behaviors are no longer adaptive.
B)children shape their own development during both sensitive and critical developmental periods.
C)children revise incorrect ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve equilibrium between internal structures and every-day information.
D)social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.
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Dr. Singh studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. Dr. Singh would most likely consider herself to be a(n)
A)behaviorist.
B)developmental cognitive neuroscientist.
C)evolutionary developmental psychologist.
D)information-processing researcher.
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Ms. Harper's classroom environment is based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Ms. Harper's program probably emphasizes
A)joint problem solving with older children or adults.
B)reinforcing children with tokens that they may exchange for treats.
C)formal mathematics and language drills.
D)discovery learning and direct contact with the environment.
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According to Piaget's theory, in the sensorimotor stage, children
A)can think of all possible outcomes in a scientific problem.
B)organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses.
C)"think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth.
D)can evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances.
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The biological concept of __________ is central to Piaget's theory.
A)reinforcement
B)adaptation
C)imitation
D)physical growth
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Ivan Pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by using A)operant conditioning. B)classical conditioning. C)innate reflexes. D)modeling.
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Unlike Freud, Erikson
A)viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development.
B)pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation.
C)minimized the role of culture in individual development.
D)primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences.
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Freud's theory was the first to stress the influence of __________ on development.
A)observational learning
B)rewards and punishment
C)cultural norms
D)the early parent-child relationship
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According to Levinson, 19-year-old Audrey is in the process of constructing a dream. According to Levinson and subsequent investigations, Audrey's dream will likely A) emphasize both marriage and career. B) change significantly by the time she graduates college. C) fluctuate throughout her lifespan. D) not be taken seriously by her professors.
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Exposure to multiple viewpoints during emerging adulthood A)often confuses young people, thereby delaying commitment to life goals. B)encourages young people to adopt rigid values and beliefs passed down from their parents. C)often causes young people to construct an internal working model of themselves as flexible and supportive. D)encourages young people to look more closely at themselves, thereby developing a more complex self-concept.
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Advances in epistemic cognition depend on further gains in A) metacognition, which are likely to occur in situations that challenge young people's perspectives. B) executive function, which becomes increasingly rarer as the individual ages. C) experience, particularly personal experiences such as relationship and career development. D) postformal thought, which is seldom achieved by most individuals in industrialized nations.