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Question
Describe operant conditioning, reinforcers, and punishment.Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Seventeen-year-old Megan has not seen her father since she was 2 years old. Which of the following statements is true about such early and prolonged father absence?
A) Megan is more likely than her agemates to choose abstinence.
B) Megan is more likely than her agemates to become a pregnant teen.
C) Megan is less likely than her agemates to engage in frequent sexual activity.
D) Megan is less likely than her agemates to engage in casual sexual relationships.
Q:
Bulimia nervosa
A) is usually easier to treat than anorexia.
B) is less common than anorexia nervosa.
C) typically appears in early adolescence.
D) affects more late-maturing than early-maturing girls.
Q:
Anorexia nervosa
A) typically appears between ages 11 and 13.
B) affects 2 to 4 percent of U.S. teenage girls.
C) is equally common in all social-class groups.
D) affects more African-American than Hispanic girls.
Q:
Girls who __________ are especially at risk for eating disorders.
A) reach puberty late
B) grow up with overweight mothers
C) reach puberty on time
D) are very dissatisfied with their body image
Q:
Studies of pubertal timing show thatA) early-maturing girls are more satisfied with their body image than their late-maturing agemates.B) the negative body image of early-maturing boys worsens throughout adolescence.C) early-maturing boys tend to be overly talkative and attention seeking.D) early-maturing adolescents of both sexes seek out older companions.
Q:
Research on reactions to pubertal changes indicates that
A) most girls get information about puberty from their doctors.
B) most boys do not know about ejaculation before the onset of spermarche.
C) boys often say that their first ejaculation occurred earlier than they expected.
D) most girls view the onset of menarche as traumatic.
Q:
Overall, about _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
Q:
In industrialized nations, studies confirm that
A) heredity accounts for excessive weight gain.
B) obesity risk is greatest for individuals living in economically well-off households.
C) parental feeding practices have little impact on childhood obesity.
D) children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are more likely to be overweight.
Q:
About one __________ of U.S. children and adolescents are overweight.A) fifthB) quarterC) thirdD) half
Q:
Kwashiorkor
A) is common in regions where children get just enough calories from starchy foods but little protein.
B) usually appears in the first year of life when a baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk.
C) affects 27 percent of the world's children before the age of 5.
D) affects an estimated 21 percent of U.S. children.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about preschoolers and nutrition?
A) Preschoolers have very predictable appetites.
B) Preschoolers' wariness of new foods is adaptive.
C) Parents should worry if their preschooler's diet varies in amount eaten from meal to meal.
D) Preschoolers left to their own devices will naturally consume a balanced diet.
Q:
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age
A) 6 months.
B) 12 months.
C) 18 months.
D) 2 years.
Q:
Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions are __________ formula-fed babies in the same regions.
A) much more likely to be malnourished than
B) just as likely to die during the first two years as
C) 6 to 14 times more likely to survive the first year of life than
D) much more likely to be iron-deficient than
Q:
Teenagers do not perform as well as adults on tasks requiring self-restraint, planning, and future orientation becauseA) the prefrontal cognitive-control network still requires fine-tuning.B) adolescent brains are less plastic than adult brains.C) brain lateralization is not complete until the mid- to late 20s.D) production of synapses and myelination of the corpus callosum do not peak until early adulthood.
Q:
Rapid development of the __________ makes drawing and reading maps possible.
A) reticular formation
B) hippocampus
C) corpus callosum
D) amygdala
Q:
Most newborns
A) show greater activation in the right hemisphere while listening to speech sounds.
B) react more strongly in the left hemisphere to nonspeech sounds.
C) do not show specialization in the hemispheres of the brain.
D) favor the right side of the body in their head position and reflexive reactions.
Q:
Before lateralization occurs,
A) if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled.
B) each hemisphere controls only one side of the body.
C) damage to a particular region means that abilities controlled by it will be lost forever.
D) each hemisphere receives sensory information from only one side of the body.
Q:
The cerebral cortex
A) is the largest brain structure.
B) is the first brain structure to stop growing.
C) accounts for about half of the brain's weight.
D) contains the smallest number of neurons and synapses.
Q:
Yesica is much taller than the worldwide average height for children her age. Yesica probably lives in a(n)
A) cold, Arctic area.
B) undeveloped region.
C) developed country.
D) poor nation.
Q:
In comparing ethnic variations in growth rate, researchers find that __________ children tend to mature faster than __________ children.
A) European; African-American
B) Asian; Caucasian-American
C) European; Asian
D) Caucasian-American; African-American
Q:
The maturation of the breasts, uterus, and vagina are caused by the release of
A) estrogens.
B) adrenal androgens.
C) testosterone.
D) thyroxine.
Q:
The most important hormones for human growth are released by the __________ gland, which is located at the base of the brain near the __________.A) pituitary; hypothalamusB) pituitary; cerebellumC) thyroid; cerebrumD) endocrine; hypothalamus
Q:
Although sex-related differences in muscle mass can explain boys' skill advantages like __________, the primary differences in athletic performance in boys and girls is probably due to __________.
A) throwing; social pressure
B) kicking; boys' growth spurts
C) balance; girls' body fat ratio
D) catching; neurological differences
Q:
Both sexes gain muscle at puberty, but this increase is _____ percent greater in __________.
A) 75; girls
B) 100; girls
C) 100; boys
D) 150; boys
Q:
When asked what they expect their sons and daughters to be like as teenagers, Kate and Harriett, moms of preschoolers, say "Rebellious and reckless" and "Full of rages and tempers." Their view is consistent with which theorists' views on adolescence?
A) G. Stanley Hall and Erik Erikson
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau and G. Stanley Hall
C) Sigmund Freud and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Jean Piaget and John Bowlby
Q:
At birth, infants perceive objects at a distance of 20 feet about as clearly as adults do at _____ feet.
A) 100
B) 200
C) 500
D) 600
Q:
A study that asked infants to distinguish between ABA and ABB structured strings of nonsense words revealed that infants.A) cannot detect speech patterns in nonsense words.B) can detect simple word-order rules.C) cannot detect regularities in word sequences.D) are less attentive to nonsense words than to nonspeech sounds.
Q:
Research findings suggest a sensitive period during the __________, when babies are biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.
A) second half of the second year
B) first half of the first year
C) first half of the second year
D) second half of the first year
Q:
In a study examining infants' ability to perceive faces, 6-month-olds could
A) discriminate individual faces of both humans and monkeys equally well.
B) distinguish human but not monkey faces.
C) distinguish monkey but not human faces.
D) only distinguish their mother's face from an unfamiliar woman's face.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about speech perception?
A) Not until the end of the second year can toddlers "screen out" sounds not used in their native tongue.
B) Between 6 and 8 months, babies start to "screen out" sounds not used in their native tongue.
C) Young infants listen longer to nonspeech sounds than to human speech.
D) Newborns prefer speech that is fast, low-pitched, and monotone.