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Question
Chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors are:a. macrophages.
b. cytotoxic cells.
c. cytokines.
d. natural killer cells.
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Parts of the hypothalamus can generate a cyclic pattern of hormone release in:
a. females only.
b. males only.
c. females and males.
d. females during childhood and males during adolescence.
Q:
What anatomical difference, other than sex organs, is reliably seen between males and females, even at an early age?
a. complexity of the cerebral cortex
b. size of the pituitary
c. organization of the brain stem
d. size of parts of the hypothalamus
Q:
Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy:
a. male.
b. female.
c. intermediate between male and female.
d. fully both male and female.
Q:
What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?
a. exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
b. deprivation of estradiol during an early stage of development
c. exposure to neither testosterone nor estradiol during an early stage of development
d. an infusion of testosterone at puberty
Q:
What would cause a male mammal to develop an anatomy that looks like a female's?
a. a deficit of testosterone during puberty
b. a deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development
c. exposure to a high level of estradiol during puberty
d. exposure to a high level of estradiol during an early stage of development
Q:
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?
a. a lack of estradiol
b. moderate levels of estradiol during an early stage of development
c. a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
d. a high level of testosterone during the late part of puberty
Q:
Orexin inhibits appetite.
Q:
Chronically high insulin levels decrease appetite.
Q:
CCK limits meal size.
Q:
Angiotensin II acts on the kidney to retain more sodium.
Q:
The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus.
Q:
How does cholecystokinin limit meal size?
Q:
Describe the different causes and mechanisms of osmotic thirst.
Q:
If someone with extreme obesity fails to respond to other treatments an option is ____ in which part of the stomach is removed or sewed off so that food cannot enter.
a. fen-phen
b. sibutramine
c. gastric bypass surgery
d. orlistat
Q:
Sibutramine affects weight gain by:
a. stimulating dopamine release.
b. inhibiting dopamine release.
c. blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
d. inhibiting serotonin and norepinephrine.
Q:
What is one reason why animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus overeat?
a. They have low levels of insulin.
b. Their stomach emptying rate is slow compared to other animals.
c. They have excessively high levels of the hormone CCK.
d. They store too much of each meal as fat.
Q:
What are two reasons why animals with ventromedial hypothalamic damage overeat?
a. rapid stomach emptying and high insulin levels
b. high CCK levels and under-responsiveness to tastes
c. decreased thirst and lack of facial muscle fatigue
d. decreased body temperature and increased levels of digestive juices
Q:
After damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, an animal will most likely:
a. increase its activity level.
b. eat much more at any given meal.
c. overeat when presented with a sweetened diet.
d. only undereat when presented with a very sweet food.
Q:
Animals eat more frequent (but normal size) meals after damage to the ____. They eat larger meals (but at normal frequency) after damage to the ____.
a. paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus
b. ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus
c. lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus
d. paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus
Q:
In what way is a rat with damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus similar to a starving animal?
a. Both will eat a large amount of whatever food is available, regardless of its taste.
b. Both empty food out of their stomachs at a rate that is slower than normal.
c. Both have low levels of fuel available to its cells.
d. Both go through long periods of refusing to eat.
Q:
What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little?
a. They are constantly active and over-responsive to sensory stimuli.
b. All the food they eat is immediately converted into fat storage.
c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food.
d. They have low levels of blood sugar.
Q:
An animal refuses food and loses weight after damage to which part of the hypothalamus?
A suprachiasmatic nucleus
B ventromedial hypothalamus
C lateral hypothalamus
D paraventricular nucleus.
Q:
Under what condition does orexin motivate animals to eat?
a. right after a meal
b. when approaching starvation
c. in the mornings
d. when insulin levels are high
Q:
What is the result of inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by the transmitter neuropeptide Y?
a. increased meal size
b. decreased meal size
c. finicky food selection
d. cessation of drinking during meals
Q:
In the control of appetite, CCK, leptin, and insulin converge their effects onto hypothalamic cells that release transmitters in the ____ family.
a. melanocortin
b. endorphin
c. acetylcholine
d. purine
Q:
Which of the following would result in an increase in body weight?
a. chronically low insulin levels
b. damage to the paraventricular nucleus
c. damage to the lateral hypothalamus
d. stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus
Q:
Glucagon stimulates the liver to:
a. convert glucose to glycogen.
b. store glucose.
c. convert glycogen to glucose.
d. decrease blood glucose levels.
Q:
An injection of CCK will:
a. increase sodium preferences.
b. lead to a preference for fatty foods.
c. decrease the size of the next meal.
d. cause increased storage of food as fats.
Q:
The splanchnic nerves convey information about:
a. the nutrient contents of the stomach.
b. discomfort in the stomach.
c. satiety.
d. thirst.
Q:
If the duodenum is partly distended and the stomach is not full, rats will:
a. continue to eat.
b. eat larger meals.
c. stop eating.
d. drink more.