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Question

Case 12.2
A 16-year-old male suspect is detained and questioned by his school principal regarding drugs found in his school locker. The boy confesses to supplying small quantities of drugs to a few friends. The boy and the drugs are turned over to juvenile detectives. The principal advises the juvenile detectives of the boy's confession. The detectives transport the juvenile to the police station where he is placed in a juvenile interview room. The detectives are familiar with the juvenile as he has two prior arrests for theft. The detectives attempt to reach the juvenile's parents without success. The juvenile detectives provide the boy with his Miranda warning which he indicates that he understands. He is then questioned regarding the drugs and from whom he has been obtaining the drugs to sell at school. The juvenile repeats his previous confession he gave to the principal. He remains silent in response to questions regarding who his supplier is stating "I'm not a snitch. I am not talking about anyone else." The detectives then advise him that another high school student overdosed and died from the same drugs he was dealing. He stops speaking other than to repeatedly ask to speak with his parents. The boy's parents arrive at headquarters three hours later and tell him not to answer any more questions. The suspect is charged on juvenile delinquency complaints for the possession and distribution of drugs on school property. He is released to his parents pending his court appearance.
Which of the following is not a factor to consider in determining whether juveniles made their statements voluntarily and whether they voluntarily waived their rights under the Self-Incrimination Clause following a Miranda warning?
a. the presence or absence of parents during questioning
b. the gender of the juvenile
c. the age of the juvenile
d. the experience of the juvenile

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