Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following characteristics is typical of a male's lifelong gender socialization process? a. dependence b. achievements c. aggressiveness d. interpersonal connections

Q: Gender is a composite of attributes learned through socialization, beginning at birth and continuing within families. a. True b. False

Q: According to the text, the self is: a. composed of others' perceptions. b. influenced by setbacks in life. c. composed of self-awareness. d. influenced by goals you have set.

Q: Which of the following is a strategy for maintaining or saving face? a. using words and actions inconsistent with the face you are presenting b. using communication that complements your face c. using communication that disregards others' perceptions of you d. passively presenting your face through your communication

Q: Which of the following serves as an effective metaphor for social penetration theory? a. broccoli b. asparagus c. carrot d. onion

Q: If your friend declares that "dishonoring and disrespecting your mother is just plain wrong," his statement is an example of a(n): a. attitude. b. belief. c. value. d. personal construct.

Q: According to the interpersonal process model of intimacy, closeness is based solely on your self-disclosure to others. a. True b. False

Q: According to social penetration theory, at which layer are a person's values, self-concept, and personality revealed? a. peripheral layer b. intermediate layer c. central layer d. outer layer

Q: Kyle avoids close, long-term relationships, yet he exhibits little anxiety. What attachment style best describes him? a. secure attachment b. dismissive attachment c. preoccupied attachment d. fearful attachment

Q: Convictions that an individual holds to be true are called: a. attitudes. b. beliefs. c. values. d. personal constructs.

Q: According to self-discrepancy theory, we feel happiest when: a. our self-concept matches our ideal and ought selves. b. our self-concept exceeds our ideal and ought selves. c. there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and ought selves. d. we perceive our self-concept to be inferior to our ideal and ought selves.

Q: If your ought self and ideal self are consistent with each other, you are likely to experience higher levels of happiness and self-esteem. a. True b. False

Q: What is a way you can improve your self-disclosure? a. know your self b. know others c. be sensitive to cultural differences d. All of the options are correct.

Q: When communicating online, you should: a. remain aware of your online persona. b. remember that viewers tend to perceive you based upon your self-worth. c. never presume the gender of someone you are communicating with. d. assume that a person's online and offline identities are the same.

Q: Self-concept is composed of: a. attitudes. b. beliefs. c. values. d. All of the options are correct.

Q: According to social penetration theory, at which layer are a person's attitudes, beliefs, and opinions disclosed? a. peripheral layer b. intermediate layer c. central layer d. outer layer

Q: According to social penetration theory, a person's age, sex, race, and ethnicity are represented by the: a. peripheral layer. b. intermediate layer. c. central layer. d. outer layer.

Q: Three important influences upon the self are family, gender, and culture. a. True b. False

Q: According to the Johari Window, what "quadrant" of the self is known to others but unknown to the self? a. open area b. blind area c. hidden area d. closed area

Q: If you perceive yourself as professionally capable and do well in a job interview as a result, your experience exemplifies: a. social comparison. b. the looking-glass self. c. self-discrepancy theory. d. a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Q: Enduring principles that govern your behavior are called: a. attitudes. b. values. c. beliefs. d. personal constructs.

Q: According to social penetration theory, breadth refers to how personally or deeply you self-disclose. a. True b. False

Q: According to social penetration theory, depth refers to the number of different aspects of self a relational partner reveals. a. True b. False

Q: Self-concept can best be characterized as: a. perceptions we have about ourselves. b. static, unchanging over time. c. always positive. d. always negative.

Q: The process of social comparison can result in positive or negative self-esteem, depending on whether we compare favorably or unfavorably to others. a. True b. False

Q: People with high self-esteem tend to exhibit which of these characteristics? a. insecurity in their personal relationships b. authoritarian tendencies c. high academic performance d. disregard for others' opinion

Q: Research suggests that those who have high self-concept clarity are less likely to experience chronic depression. a. True b. False

Q: Your self-concept is based on the beliefs, attitudes, and values your significant other has about you. a. True b. False

Q: Gender refers to the biological state of having either male or female sexual organs. a. True b. False

Q: According to the Johari Window, what "quadrant" of the self is unknown to others but known to the self? a. open area b. blind area c. hidden area d. closed area

Q: A relational partner with a preoccupied attachment style may be characterized by: a. high anxiety. b. high avoidance. c. a desire for distance. d. All of the options are correct.

Q: Which of these patterns of self-disclosure commonly characterizes an intimate personal relationship? a. little breadth and little depth b. little breadth and great depth c. great breadth and little depth d. great breadth and great depth

Q: Evaluative appraisals of your self are known as: a. attitudes. b. values. c. beliefs. d. personal constructs.

Q: People tend to disclose more quickly when interacting face-to-face than when interacting online. a. True b. False

Q: If a Hollywood actor is gay but keeps his sexual orientation a secret, which strategy is he using to maintain his public self? a. face b. mask c. hidden self d. closed self

Q: People with large hidden areas as depicted in the Johari Window typically: a. fear rejection. b. do not want to learn about the people they interact with. c. expect acceptance. d. do not withhold aspects of themselves.

Q: While at the park with friends, Mia boasts about what a good gymnast she was when growing up. When she attempts to show off her cartwheel, she fails and falls to the ground. What is Mia likely to experience as a result? a. individualism b. losing face c. embarrassment d. Both B and C are correct.

Q: If you and your friend discuss many different topics but do so on a superficial level only, your self-disclosure has: a. minimal breadth and depth. b. great breadth and depth. c. great breadth but little depth. d. great depth but little breadth.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a usual characteristic of online masks? a. Men are more likely to present themselves as experts. b. Women are more likely to present themselves as experts. c. Women are more likely to offer supportive messages. d. Men are more likely to answer questions.

Q: Which of the following does NOT influence the self? a. face b. culture c. family d. gender

Q: Our self-esteem is likely to: a. increase as we decrease differences between our ought and ideal selves. b. decrease as we increase differences between our ought and ideal selves. c. stay the same as long as we align our ought and ideal selves. d. increase once we find our ideal self.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of self-disclosure? a. People tend to disclose more quickly online than face-to-face. b. Self-disclosure increases mental health and relieves stress. c. Euro-Americans tend to disclose less than Hispanics. d. Women disclose more than men.

Q: If a child and his or her caregiver have a close, affectionate, and secure relationship, the child is likely to learn a secure attachment style. a. True b. False

Q: If Mark has never had a long-term relationship because he reacts negatively to any perceived problem or "bump" in the relationship, what type of attachment style is Mark likely to have? a. secure b. None of the options is correct. c. fearful d. preoccupied

Q: Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self suggests that you form your self-concept by closely examining and evaluating yourself. a. True b. False

Q: According to social penetration theory, if you are only comfortable disclosing your favorite foods, restaurants, bands, or hobbies, which layer of the self is shared? a. peripheral layer b. intermediate layer c. core layer d. central layer

Q: Intimacy refers to the degree of arousal one feels toward one's partner. a. True b. False

Q: Losing face can result in feelings of shame, humiliation, and embarrassment. a. True b. False

Q: Your public self is synonymous with your face. a. True b. False

Q: Your "face" is the self you only show yourself. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following statements suggests that your self-concept is influenced by the labels others put on you? a. My father always said I was the black sheep of the family. b. I see myself as a student, worker, and son. c. I am happy with myself. d. I am an extroverted person.

Q: Which of the following is NOT typically a part of a female's lifelong gender socialization process? a. femininity b. sensitivity c. nurturance d. competitiveness

Q: Which of these behaviors may increase your self-esteem? a. establishing consistency between your ought and ideal selves b. living in an appearance-obsessed culture c. revising and redefining unrealistic standards you've set for your self d. Both A and C are correct.

Q: Which of the following represents an appropriate amount of self-disclosure at the very beginning of a relationship? a. little breadth and little depth b. little breadth and great depth c. great breadth and little depth d. great breadth and great depth

Q: Jacqueline fears rejection and worries that her boyfriend will leave her. What attachment style is she experiencing? a. fearful attachment b. secure attachment c. dismissive attachment d. preoccupied attachment

Q: The self is formed in infancy and remains fairly static over time. a. True b. False

Q: According to self-discrepancy theory, the greater the discrepancy between your ideal and ought selves, the higher your self-esteem. a. True b. False

Q: "Post-cyber-disclosure panic" is the: a. tendency to disclose more online. b. tendency to disclose too little online. c. belief that adolescents don't disclose enough to their parents. d. realization that your personal e-mails and texts may be read by others.

Q: A potential risk of self-disclosure is that it: a. helps manage personal stress and anxiety. b. is irreversible. c. helps to develop relationships. d. increases psychological health.

Q: A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when: a. thinking and believing decrease the likelihood of an event. b. predictions lead you to behave in ways that ensure the predictions come true. c. you fail to live up to the labels others place on you. d. you fail to act as others expect.

Q: According to self-discrepancy theory, individuals are most happy when their self is most similar to their ideal and ought selves. a. True b. False

Q: Self-awareness and self-esteem are synonymous. a. True b. False

Q: The chapter's opening anecdote about Eric Staib illustrates what component of self-concept? a. looking-glass self b. social comparison c. ideal self d. ought self

Q: Explain the difference between self-esteem and self-concept.

Q: Explain attachment theory. Identify and give examples of the four different attachment styles.

Q: Identify the two primary components of the social penetration theory.

Q: Discuss the overall value of self-disclosure in personal relationships. Compare and contrast both the benefits and risks of engaging in self-disclosure.

Q: Self-esteem is composed of what two mental standards?

Q: Identify the risks of self-disclosure.

Q: Explain "post-cyber-disclosure panic."

Q: List three ways to disclose your self competently.

Q: Describe the ways in which you can increase your self-disclosure competency.

Q: Explain how low self-esteem can spawn a vicious cycle.

Q: Explain how self-fulfilling prophecies work, and give an example of how they might impact your academic performance.

Q: How can warranting value enhance one's online persona?

Q: Identify the benefits of self-disclosure.

Q: What are some ways to improve your self-esteem?

Q: Describe the Johari Window. Then identify and give an example of each quadrant.

Q: How might interactions with others impact your self-concept?

Q: How does self-esteem impact interpersonal communication?