Q&A Hero

Q: In hierarchical societies with high-power distance, there is a strong preference for ______ over ______ in reward allocation decisions. A. equity, equality B. seniority, equity C. need, equality D. deference, equity

Q: ______ criteria include equity, equality, need, and seniority. A. Deference B. Reward allocation C. Unrealistically positive self-evaluation D. Independent self

Q: A common decision bias relates to an unrealistically positive ______, which is stronger in people with an independent self-concept. A. reward allocation B. deference C. motivation D. self-evaluation

Q: Managers often ignore base rates in favor of how well a particular example matches their expectation. ______can overrule the logic of probability. A. Availability B. Representativeness C. Adjusting D. Heuristics

Q: ______ influences managers judgments of the frequency, probability, or likely causes of an event. A. Representativeness B. Anchoring C. Heuristics D. Availability

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three general heuristics that are used to simplify decision-making? A. anchoring and adjustment B. representativeness C. stereotyping D. availability

Q: ______ are rules of thumb (cognitive tools) that people use to simplify decision-making. A. Heuristics B. Availability C. Representativeness D. Anchoring

Q: Isabella decided to cancel her flight at the last minute so she could have lunch with a colleague after a meeting. Because she made the decision in haste, she did not realize that the cancelled flight would cost her a large amount of money and keep her from returning to the office on time. In the conflict model of decision-making, it would appear that Isabellas decision style is ______. A. complacency B. hypervigilance C. vigilance D. interdependence

Q: Masons boss asked him to run the staff meeting while she was on a business trip. Instead of doing so, Mason asked Ava to run the meeting. In the conflict model of decision-making, it would appear that Masons decision style is ______. A. complacency B. vigilance C. defensive avoidance D. interdependence

Q: Ethan was supposed to make a decision about when the new interns would be hired. Rather than decide, he ignored making the decision until the deadline past. In the conflict model of decision-making, it would appear that Ethans decision style is ______. A. hypervigilance B. interdependence C. hypervigilance D. complacency

Q: In the conflict model of decision-making, the decision style of ______ involves making a hasty, ill-conceived decision. A. complacency B. hypervigilance C. vigilance D. interdependence

Q: In the conflict model of decision-making, the decision style of ______ involves passing the decision off to someone else, putting off the decision, or devaluing the importance of making a decision. A. complacency B. vigilance C. defensive avoidance D. interdependence

Q: In the conflict model of decision-making, the decision style of ______involves either ignoring the decision completely or simply taking the first available course of action. A. hypervigilance B. interdependence C. hypervigilance D. complacency

Q: In the conflict model of decision-making, the decision style of ______ is a pattern consisting of carefully collecting facts and considering alternatives. A. vigilance B. defensive avoidance C. hypervigilance D. complacency

Q: Which of the following is NOT a decision style used to cope with the psychological stress of making a decision in the conflict model of decision-making? A. vigilance B. optimizing C. defensive avoidance D. hypervigilance doing

Q: The ______ model of decision-making suggests that decision-makers use one of four decision styles to cope with the psychological stress of making a decision: vigilance, complacency, defensive avoidance, and hypervigilance A. doing B. satisficing C. normative D. conflict

Q: Because of limits to rationality, decision-makers most often ______ rather than optimize. A. weight B. generate C. satisfice D. identify

Q: Harper has limited time to make a decision about which marketing plan to use. She does not know much about marketing strategy, but she will apply what she can rather than trying to gather all the information. Harper is using the ______ model of decision-making. A. doing B. optimizing C. being D. satisficing

Q: Individual judgment is ______in its ability to be rational because decision-makers often must deal with incomplete information about the problem, the decision criteria, and even their own preferences. A. bounded B. unbounded C. weighted D. satisficed

Q: Regardless of normative cultural variation, the optimization decision model assumes that decision-makers can do all of the following EXCEPT: A. accurately assess the implications of each alternative B. identify all decision criteria C. make decisions in the same amount of time D. be aware of all available alternatives

Q: ______ cultures are likely to push decision-making well down in the organizational structure and involve large numbers of people. A. Normative B. Vertical individualist C. Doing D. Horizontal collectivist

Q: ______ cultures, such as the United States and France, are likely to have decision-making authority vested in only a few high-ranking individuals. A. Prescriptive B. Vertical individualist C. Horizontal collectivist D. Being

Q: Managers from cultures with a ______ orientation, such as the United States, might be prone to identify a situation as a problem to be solved. A. doing B. being C. restricted D. satisficed

Q: In the ______ step of the rational decision process, the decision-maker multiplies the expected effectiveness of each alternative on each criterion times the weighting of each criterion for each solution. A. generate the alternatives B. problem definition C. identify decision criteria D. select the optimal solution

Q: Noah is trying to pick a new vendor for his organization. He has several criteria for his choice, but the most important one is that vendor be environmentally conscious. As Noah compares each vendor to his criteria, he is in the ______stage of rational decision-making. A. evaluate the alternatives B. problem definition C. select the optimal solution D. criteria consideration

Q: In the ______ step of the rational decision process, the decision-maker needs to identify all possible ways to satisfy the decision criteria. A. identify decision criteria B. generate the alternatives C. select the optimal solution D. evaluate the alternatives

Q: Emma is making a decision about which of her subordinates to promote. She has decided which skills are important to the decision. Right now, she is struggling to identify which skills she should give the highest priority in her decision. Emma is at the ______ stage of rational decision-making. A. problem definition B. weight decision criteria C. generate the alternatives D. evaluate the alternatives

Q: Liam is working his way through the rational decision process. Right now, he is trying to identify all the conditions that should be considered. Liam is at the ______ stage of rational decision-making. A. select the optimal solution B. weight decision criteria C. generate the alternatives D. identify decision criteria

Q: In the ______ step of the rational decision process, managers must recognize that a decision is needed and identify the problem. A. weight decision criteria B. evaluate the alternatives C. problem definition D. identify decision criteria

Q: Which of the following is NOT a step in the rational decision process? A. Select the optimal solution B. Weight the problem C. Generate the alternatives D. Identify decision criteria

Q: In the study of managerial decision-making, the goal of the rational decision-maker is to make a(n) ______ choice between specific, clearly defined alternatives. A. optimal B. minimal C. weighted D. prescriptive

Q: On the ______ side of managerial decision-making, the rational or optimizing model of decision-making is based on a set of assumptions about how a decision should be made. A. descriptive B. prescriptive C. diagnostic D. predictive

Q: The study of managerial decision-making is typically divided into ______ approaches about what managers should do and ______ approaches about what managers actually do. A. descriptive, predictive B. prescriptive, descriptive C. diagnostic, descriptive D. predictive, prescriptive

Q: When confronted with information contrary to our existing views, we sometime use ______ to tune it out by diverting our attention elsewhere. A. internalization B. cognition C. scripts D. selective avoidance

Q: A (n) ______ has goals that focus attention on information that will help meet those goals. A. internalize B. learner C. perceiver D. interactor

Q: What is perceived and what is screened out are influenced by all of the following EXCEPT: A. the mindset of the perceived B. the characteristics of the perceiver C. the situation D. the person or object being perceived

Q: ______ is the process by which individuals interpret the messages received from their senses and thereby give meaning to their environment. A. Avoidance B. Perception C. Interpersonal attraction D. Internalization

Q: Social groups enforce norms if and when they perform any of the following functions EXCEPT: A. facilitate the groups demise B. increase the predictability of group members behavior C. reduce embarrassment for group members D. express the central values of the group

Q: At Acme Organization, meetings start on time and everyone is expected to arrive early. This unspoken rule about meetings represents a (n) ______ of the organization. A. societal sanction B. norm C. script D. work group interaction

Q: ______ are acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by members of our cultural group. A. Work group interactions B. Scripts C. Societal sanctions D. Cultural norms

Q: When people from one culture behave in ways that are surprising to people from another culture in a business meeting, all those attending the meeting need to make thoughtful (______ cognition) rather than spontaneous adjustments. A. work group interactions B. Type 2 C. Scripts D. internalization

Q: Julie joined a meeting of colleagues in her new department. Though she had never been in a meeting in her new department, she used her extensive experience with meetings from her previous department to guide her behavior. In other words, Julie relied on a (n) ______ to guide her behavior in the new situation. A. societal sanction B. internalization C. script D. work group interaction

Q: Unlike schemas, ______ are concerned with how a sequence of events will unfold and how we can adjust our actions appropriately. A. work group interactions B. scripts C. selective avoidances D. societal sanctions

Q: ______ are largely unconscious mental representations that shape how we think and act in a given situation. A. Social identity B. Selective avoidances C. Scripts D. Internalization

Q: ______ is the total of the social categories that people use to describe themselves. A. Scripts B. Societal sanctions C. Social identity D. Internalization

Q: In people with a ______ self-schema, individuality is less differentiated and more connected to a particular group of other people. A. cross-cultural interaction B. interdependent C. independent D. intercultural interaction

Q: A (n) ______ self-schema is typical in Western cultures in which people are expected to think and act as autonomous individuals with unique attributes. A. independent B. intercultural interaction C. interdependent D. cross-cultural interaction

Q: ______ include memories associated with personal experiences that people see as having shaped who they are as individuals. A. Social identity B. Cross-cultural interaction C. Self-schemas D. Intercultural interaction

Q: The characteristics of the ______ include personally significant personality traits like competent, attractive, irritable, or conscientious. A. intercultural interaction B. self-schema C. social identity D. cross-cultural interaction

Q: The ______ is the inner or private self that consists of thoughts and feelings that cannot be directly known by others. A. self-schema B. cross-cultural interaction C. intercultural interaction D. social identity

Q: Avery has been living in Venezuela for 6 months. His cultural expertise has developed and he is beginning to interact in appropriate ways with less cognitive effort. In other words, Avery has begun to use more ______ social cognition. A. simple B. Type 2 C. Type 1 D. complexity

Q: ______ cognition requires effortful thinking which makes ordinary life in an unfamiliar culture more challenging. A. Type 1 B. Complexity C. Type 2 D. Behavioral

Q: James just arrived in a new country and is finding himself placed unfamiliar situations. He feels distracted as he tries to pay attention things that are happening around him. It is likely that James is relying on ______ cognition. A. complexity B. schemas C. Type 1 D. Type 2

Q: Our capacity for engaging in ______ social cognition is very limited and tiring. A. intercultural B. Type 2 C. Type 1 D. complexity

Q: Robert went to his weekly meeting where business was conducted the same way it is at all weekly meetings. Everyone behaved as Robert expected and he was able to react to their behaviors with ease. In this situation, Robert was able to base his behavior on ______ social cognition. A. Type 2 B. Type 1 C. Behavioral D. Schema

Q: ______ social cognition is not automatic and requires conscious thought. A. Type 2 B. Intercultural C. Schema D. Mental

Q: ______ social cognition happens spontaneously with little or no conscious thought. A. intercultural B. mental C. Type 2 D. Type 1

Q: ______ cognition is often referred to as Type 1 and Type 2 cognition which have implications for our intercultural relationships. A. Complexity B. Type 2 C. Social D. Schema

Q: ______ help us reduce the complexity of our environment to a manageable number of categories. A. Correlations B. Mental representations C. Behavioral sequences D. Schemas

Q: ______ are derived from our past experiences and are simple representations of the complex concepts that they represent. A. Schemas B. Behavioral sequences C. Type 1 D. Intercultural situations

Q: Mental representations are called ______ when they define a category or scripts when they contain a behavioral sequence. A. schemas B. intercultural situations C. Type 2 D. behavioral sequences

Q: ______ explains how we develop mental representations and how our mental representations influence the way we process information about people and social events. A. Schemas B. Social cognition C. Complexity D. Type 1

Q: Describe how cultural differences in self-concept are important to motivation?

Q: There are five factors that influence the extent to which we categorize others as a member of our group or not. Discuss three of the factors and how they work.

Q: When people draw conclusions, how do the attribution differences associated with culture affect the process?

Q: How do culturally stereotypic expectations affect other aspects of thought and behavior?

Q: Describe social cognition and how its main components are affected by culture.

Q: As a manager, George is flexible and adjusts to the needs of those around him even if those needs conflict with his own. It is likely that George has a(n) ______ self-schema.

Q: As a manager, Mary is motivated to express herself in meetings and she is able to stop people pressurizing her into doing things she does not want to do. It is likely that Mary has a(n) ______ self-schema.

Q: When we are more likely to attribute desirable behaviors by members of our in-group to internal causes but more likely to attribute desirable behaviors of out-group members to transient external causes we are committing ______ error.

Q: The inner or private self that consists of thoughts and feelings that cannot be directly known by others is the ______. It includes memories associated with personal experiences that people see as having shaped who they are as individuals.

Q: Social cognition has implications for our intercultural relationships. ______ social cognition happens spontaneously with little or no conscious thought while ______ social cognition is not automatic and requires conscious thought.

Q: Social norms are found to be a more important determinant of behavior for people from individualistic than from collectivistic societies.

Q: If a business situation is familiar to us, it may evoke a preexisting behavioral sequence, a script (Type 1 cognition).

Q: We are more likely to attribute desirable behaviors by members of our in-group to internal causes but more likely to attribute desirable behaviors of out-group members to transient external causes.

Q: Scripts help us to understand and react to our environment by linking the observation of an event to its causes.

Q: Social dominance theory suggests that within every complex society certain groups are dominant over others and enjoy a disproportionate amount of privilege.

Q: Stereotypic expectations of others tend to become self-perpetuating.

Q: Stereotypic expectations of a cultural group are a result of the natural cognitive process of social categorization.

Q: We are attracted to people whom we perceive to be similar to us because this validates our view of the world.