Q&A Hero

Q: The ______ of the language in an exchange refers to the language that has higher prestige and is widely used in the relevant institutions or settings. A. speech accommodation B. ethnolinguistic vitality C. cultural conflicts D. speech patterns

Q: ______ involves shifting ones speech patterns to achieve greater language similarity. A. Language similarity B. Ethnolinguistic vitality C. Lack of fluency D. Speech accommodation

Q: ______ are short sayings that express things that are obviously true in a particular culture and often advise people how they should behave. A. Proverbs B. Idioms C. Maxims D. Euphemisms

Q: Evelyn would prefer not to use words associated with bodily functions. Instead of asking members of the meeting if a bathroom break was necessary, she asked if anyone needed a comfort break. Evelyn is using a (n) ______ to obscure meaning. A. proverb B. euphemism C. discourse D. prohibited word

Q: When a communicator substitutes a bland or less direct expression to refer to a word that is not often used publicly, such as words associated with sexual relations or bodily functions, the communicator is using a (n) ______. A. euphemism B. slang C. proverb D. metaphor

Q: ______ is a language associated with a particular subgroup but is often a very specialized or technical language of people engaged in a similar occupation or activity. A. Slang B. Metaphor C. Euphemism D. Jargon

Q: ______ is an informal usage of language typically more playful and associated with a particular subgroup. A. Jargon B. Metaphor C. Slang D. Euphemism

Q: Matilda often uses silence in her meetings to communicate and control the conversation. For Matilda, silence might be thought of as an extreme form of ______ communication. A. explicit B. high-context C. ambiguous D. low-context

Q: Communicators in ______ cultures tend to value talking as a way of controlling the communication interaction. A. individualist B. low-context C. collectivist D. low uncertainty avoidance

Q: Communicators in ______ cultures tend to value silence as a way of controlling the communication interaction. A. high-power distance B. individualist C. low uncertainty avoidance D. collectivist

Q: Although making untrue statements (white lies) to preserve harmony is probably universal, the extent of its use is probably higher in ______ cultures. A. high-context B. implicit C. collectivist D. individualist

Q: In ______ cultures, politeness and a desire to avoid embarrassment often take precedence over truth." A. individualist B. collectivist C. high-power distance D. low uncertainty avoidance

Q: Indirectness in communication is associated with ______ cultures. A. collectivist B. inexact C. individualist D. uncertainty avoidance

Q: Directness in communication is associated with ______ cultures. A. high-power distance B. ambiguous C. collectivist D. individualist

Q: In ______ cultures, speech includes more qualifiers, such as maybe, perhaps, somewhat, and probably. A. individualist B. collectivist C. direct D. inexact

Q: Individuals with interdependent self-concepts are more likely to be ________communicators. A. inexact B. high-context C. direct D. low-context

Q: Individuals with independent self-concepts are more likely to be ______ communicators. A. metaphorical B. high-context C. ambiguous D. low-context

Q: There is a close agreement between the position of countries on this scale of low context versus high context and their location on Hofstedes ______ index. A. uncertainty avoidance B. individualismcollective C. long-term orientation D. power distance

Q: Sienna tends to send very brief emails with only a few words. However, her coworkers understand what she means in these messages because they understand her and how she thinks. In other words, Siennas messages are ______. A. low context B. high context C. ambiguous D. inexact

Q: In ______ cultures, a good deal of the meaning of communication is implicit. The receiver must fill in the gaps from past knowledge of the speaker, the setting, or other contextual cues. A. low-context B. high-context C. ambiguous D. inexact

Q: In ______ cultures, the message is conveyed largely by the words spoken. A. high-context B. inexact C. metaphorical D. low-context

Q: When addressing her colleagues, Ava wants to leave no details to interpretation. She makes her messages very explicit. In other words, Avas messages are ______. A. low context B. high context C. ambiguous D. cultural

Q: A (n) ______ communication is one in which the mass of the message is vested in the explicit code. A. low-context B. high-context C. ambiguous D. cultural

Q: A ______ message is one in which very little is in the coded, explicit, and transmitted part of the message, A. cultural B. high-context C. metaphor D. low-context

Q: A (n) ______ message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. A. high-context B. low-context C. inexact D. direct

Q: Isla speaks French well and usually speaks very quickly. However, when she conducts business with those for whom French is not easily understood, she speaks very slowly and carefully to help them understand her words. When Isla does this, she is engaging in ______. A. context shifting B. lingua franca C. ethnolinguistic vitality D. foreigner speak

Q: ______ occurs when first-language speakers in a cross-language interaction respond to lower linguistic competency of their partner by modifying aspects of their speech, such as slowing the rate of speech and reducing sentence complexity. A. context shifting B. lingua franca C. competency D. foreigner speak

Q: The greater the fluency of second-language speakers, the more likely they are to be seen as ______ in other respects. A. cultural B. distinctive C. competent D. foreigner speak

Q: The second language in use in international business is most often ______. A. English B. German C. Japanese D. French

Q: ______ is a symbolic code of communication consisting of a set of sounds with understood meanings and a set of rules for constructing messages. A. Syntax B. Lingua franca C. Language D. Foreigner speak

Q: ______ refers to the culturally based elements of a persons background (e.g., education, values, and attitudes) that influence communication. A. cultural field B. communication C. complex messages D. grounding

Q: Amelia and Olivia are both from Singapore and often use slang words from their home that others do not understand. However, for Amelia and Olivia, the meaning of their messages is easily understood because of the common information they share called ______. A. cultural field B. grounding C. metaphors D. euphemisms

Q: ______ occurs when the meaning of the message is understood because of the common information shared by the sender and receiver. A. Cultural field B. Grounding C. Complex messages D. Communication

Q: ______ is the act of transmitting messages, including information about the nature of the relationship, to another person who interprets these messages and gives them meaning. A. Grounding B. Fielding C. Messaging D. Communication

Q: Describe the stages of moral development proposed by Kohlberg. What are the implications of culture for ethical decision-making?

Q: Discuss one of the moral philosophies for making ethical judgments. Provide an example.

Q: Describe heuristics and the impact that culture has on them.

Q: Describe rational decision-making and how it is limited by cognition and culture.

Q: The principles that hold human beings have certain fundamental rights and that a sense of duty to uphold these rights is ______.

Q: ______ espouse the view that, if followed, general moral rules will maximize the benefits to all and can be used as a shortcut to the complexity of evaluating the utility of each decision.

Q: The moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over harm for everyone affected by our decision is called ______.

Q: What are the three general heuristics that are used to simplify decision-making?

Q: ______ are rules of thumb (cognitive tools) that people use to simplify decision-making.

Q: What are the four decision styles to cope with the psychological stress of making a decision in the conflict model of decision-making?

Q: Moral concepts are legitimate only to the extent that they reflect the habits and attitudes of a given culture, according to ______.

Q: Cognitive moral development is an approach to understanding ethical decision-making that focuses on the mental determination of right and wrong based on values and social judgments.

Q: In cultural relativism, moral concepts are legitimate only to the extent that they reflect the habits and attitudes of a given culture.

Q: Utilitarian principles hold that human beings have certain fundamental rights and that a sense of duty to uphold these rights is the basis of ethical decision-making rather than a concern for consequences.

Q: Consequential models focus on the outcomes or consequences of a decision to determine whether the decision is ethical.

Q: Heuristics are the extent to which instances or occurrences of an event are readily brought to mind.

Q: The three general heuristics that are used to simplify decision-making are availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment.

Q: Heuristics are rules of thumb that people use to simplify decision-making.

Q: Individual judgment boundaries exist because decision-makers often must deal with incomplete information about the problem, the decision criteria, and even their own preferences.

Q: The amount of information that a person considers before making a final decision is culture bound.

Q: The activity orientation of the culture might influence when a situation is defined as a problem.

Q: The cognitive model of decision-making suggests that a decision-maker must have a clear goal and a comprehensive set of alternatives from which to choose, which are themselves weighted according to known criteria and preferences, and can choose the alternative that has the highest score.

Q: ______ is the extent to which people depend on information from external reference points. A. Level of moral judgment B. Situational factors C. Locus of control D. Field dependence

Q: ______ is the extent to which one believes that an outcome is the result of ones own efforts. A. Equity B. Locus of control C. Ethics D. Situational factors

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the four steps involved in the process of ethical decision-making? A. identifying the ethical nature of an issue B. establishing ethical intent C. selecting an ethical framework to apply D. making an ethical judgment

Q: Stages in the stages of moral development model relate to age-based stages in human development. In general, children under the age of 9 are at ______. A. level 5 B. level 1 C. level 4 D. level 3

Q: In the stages of moral development model, the ______ stage involves following self-chosen ethical principles and acting in accordance with principles when laws violate these principles. A. universal ethical principles B. interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations C. instrumental purpose and exchange D. obedience and punishment

Q: In the stages of moral development model, the ______ stage involves being aware that people hold a variety of values and that rules are relative to the group. A. social accord and system maintenance. B. social contract and individual rights C. instrumental purpose and exchange D. obedience and punishment

Q: In the stages of moral development model, the ______ stage involves fulfilling duties and obligations to which you have agreed and contributing to society. A. social accord and system maintenance B. interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations C. universal ethical principles D. obedience and punishment

Q: In the stages of moral development model, the ______ stage involves stereotypical good behavior and living up to what is expected by people close to you A. social accord and system maintenance B. interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations C. instrumental purpose and exchange D. universal ethical principles

Q: In the stages of moral development model, the ______ stage involves the following rules only when it is in ones immediate interest and viewing right as an equal exchange, a fair deal. A. principled perspective B. interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations C. instrumental purpose and exchange D. obedience and punishment

Q: In the stages of moral development model, the ______stage involves sticking to rules to avoid physical punishment and obedience for its own sake. A. social accord and system maintenance. B. interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations C. instrumental purpose and exchange D. obedience and punishment

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the six stages of moral development? A. Obedience and punishment. B. Interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations C. Instrumental purpose and exchange D. Deontology

Q: ______ moral development is an approach to understanding ethical decision-making that focuses on the mental determination of right and wrong based on values and social judgments. A. Situational B. Deontological C. Hypernormal D. Cognitive

Q: ______ reflect principles so fundamental to human existence that they transcend religious, philosophical, or cultural differences. A. Habits B. Hypernorms C. Control D. Ethical dilemma

Q: ______implies that one should not impose ones own ethical or moral standards on others and that international decisions should be evaluated in context. A. Cognitive morals B. Moral principle C. Cultural relativism D. Utilitarianism

Q: In cultural relativism, ______ are legitimate only to the extent that they reflect the habits and attitudes of a given culture. A. outcomes B. moral concepts C. cognitive morals D. utilitarianism

Q: ______principles hold that human beings have certain fundamental rights and that a sense of duty to uphold these rights is the basis of ethical decision-making rather than a concern for consequences. A. Consequences B. Deontological C. Cognitive morals D. Moral principle

Q: Rule utilitarians espouse the view that, if followed, ______ will maximize the benefits to all and can be used as a shortcut to the complexity of evaluating the utility of each decision. A. cognitive morals B. consequences C. utilitarianism D. general moral rules

Q: ______ is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over harm for everyone affected by our decision. A. Utilitarianism B. Moral principle C. Cognitive morals D. Outcomes

Q: ______ models focus on the outcomes or consequences of a decision to determine whether the decision is ethical. A. Consequential B. Cognitive C. Utilitarianism D. Consequences

Q: A ______ philosophy is a set of principles used to decide what is right or wrong. A. ethics B. selective C. cognitive D. moral

Q: Collectivist cultures might be more prone than individualists to see reward allocation based on ______ as fair. A. equity B. seniority C. skills D. deference

Q: Collectivist societies also show a higher propensity to allocate rewards according to ______than do individualists. A. need B. equality C. nurturance D. deference

Q: The emphasis on ______in collectivist cultures suggests that fairness might be perceived to result from equality as opposed to equity in reward allocation. A. harmony B. need C. equity D. nurturance

Q: In reward allocation decisions, ______ implies that rewards are based on performance. A. nurturance B. deference C. seniority D. equity