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Management
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a component of commitment to an organization?
A. Feeling equitable treatment (equity commitment)
B. Having a sense of obligation (normative commitment)
C. Interest in continuing a relationship (continuance commitment)
D. Emotional bonds (affective commitment)
Q:
______ is a persons sustained motivation to a carry out a course of action or contribute to the well-being of some other person, group, or organization.
A. Expectancy
B. Process
C. Commitment
D. Equity
Q:
Cultural differences in work centrality were originally discussed as being about whether a country had a strong ______.
A. diversity
B. work ethic
C. work norm
D. motivation
Q:
______ theories of motivation have been criticized for depicting the individual as a rational information processor seeking to maximize personal gain.
A. Process
B. Content
C. Equity
D. Goal setting
Q:
In goal-setting theory, the relationship between goal difficulty and ______ assumes that the individual accepts the goal and has the ability to achieve it.
A. motivation
B. performance
C. gain
D. feedback
Q:
According to ______ theory, goal setting is most effective when there is feedback showing progress toward the goal.
A. work goals
B. equity
C. process
D. goal-setting
Q:
According to ______ theory, specific difficult (but achievable) goals consistently lead to better performance than specific easy goals, general (do your best) goals, or no goals.
A. work goal
B. goal-setting
C. expectancy
D. content
Q:
Research on expectancy theory across cultures found significant differences in both expectancies and ______ across cultures.
A. comparisons
B. valences
C. rewards
D. axioms
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the beliefs employees must have to be motivated to make an effort according to expectancy theory?
A. Believe that if they work hard they will accomplish their task
B. Believe that task accomplishment will lead to a reward by their employer
C. Value the outcomes that they are offered.
D. Believe that others who work hard will receive similar rewards
Q:
According to ______ theory, Effort = V I E.
A. content
B. expectancy
C. equity
D. process
Q:
Caleb does not feel motivated to work. Although he knows performance will earn him rewards and he values those rewards, he does not believe he can perform the work. In the expectancy theory equation, Anthonys ______ is zero.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. process
D. instrumentality
Q:
Alexandra does not feel motivated to work. Although she knows that if she makes an effort she will be able to perform and that the reward for performance is more money, she does not believe that her boss will give her the raise she would earn by her performance. In the expectancy theory equation, Alexandras ______ is zero.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. process
D. instrumentality
Q:
Anthony does not feel motivated to work. Although he knows that if he makes an effort he will be able to perform and that this performance will earn him rewards, he does not value the rewards he would earn. In the expectancy theory equation, Anthonys ______ is zero.
A. expectancy
B. valence
C. process
D. instrumentality
Q:
______ theory suggests that motivation is the result of the combination of the expectation that effort (E) will lead to performance and that this performance will be instrumental (I) in reaching certain outcomes. It also recognizes that individuals can place different value (V) on any outcome.
A. Expectancy
B. Content
C. Process
D. Equity
Q:
An extension of equity theory is the idea that some individuals are more equity sensitive than others. ______ experience less dissonance when overrewarded than when underrewarded.
A. Entitleds
B. Benevolents
C. Egalitarians
D. Inequity sensitives
Q:
Aliyah is aware of the various rewards she receives at work compared with others. When she feels underrewarded, she feel a lot of dissonance. But when she feels overrewarded, she feels little dissonance. It is likely that Aliyahs equity sensitivity puts her in the category of ______.
A. entitleds
B. benevolents
C. egalitarians
D. inequity sensitives
Q:
An extension of equity theory is the idea that some individuals are more equity sensitive than others. ______ are more tolerant of situations in which they are underrewarded.
A. Entitleds
B. Benevolents
C. Egalitarians
D. Equity sensitives
Q:
Delores feels she is underrewarded at work compared with her coworkers. However, she does not complain. It is likely that Deloress equity sensitivity puts her in the category of ______.
A. entitleds
B. benevolents
C. egalitarians
D. equity sensitives
Q:
An extension of equity theory is the idea that some individuals are more equity sensitive than others. ______ prefer to be in a condition of balance between inputs and outcomes they receive.
A. Equity sensitives
B. Benevolents
C. Entitleds
D. Egalitarians
Q:
An extension of equity theory is the idea that some individuals are more equity sensitive than others. Which of the following is NOT a classification of equity sensitivity?
A. Benevolents
B. Entitleds
C. Egalitarians
D. Equity sensitives
Q:
In studies of equity theory, it has been found that more ______ societies have a preference for equality over equity.
A. egalitarian
B. benevolent
C. equity
D. entitleds
Q:
In studies of equity theory, it has become fairly clear that the preference for equity in reward allocation is related to the extent of ______ in society
A. inputs
B. outcomes
C. leadership
D. power distance
Q:
According to ______, there are motivational consequences if people experience an imbalance in which the ratio of their inputs to outcomes is perceived to be unfair compared to what other people receive.
A. process theory
B. content theory
C. expectancy theory
D. equity theory
Q:
Carmen is comparing how much she works with how much her coworker Alice works. Carmen believes that she works more hours than Alice does but that Alice get paid more. Carmens awareness of her inputs and outcomes compared to Alices inputs and outcomes is a common theme in ______ theory of motivation.
A. equity
B. process
C. content
D. expectancy
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an example of a process theory of motivation?
A. Equity theory
B. Expectancy theory
C. Goal setting theory
D. Needs theory
Q:
______ theories of motivation explain the choices that people make about their behavior.
A. Equity
B. Goal setting
C. Process
D. Expectancy
Q:
Content theories often ignore that most people, even in the developed world, may be concerned primarily with meeting ______ needs.
A. lower order
B. high-order
C. dominant
D. equity
Q:
Research on McClellands content theory of motivation found that successful managerial performance requires individuals high in the need for ______ and low in the need for ______.
A. achievement, power
B. power, affiliation
C. power, achievement
D. achievement, psychological
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the three needs McClelland identified in his content theory of motivation?
A. Power
B. Psychological
C. Affiliation
D. Achievement
Q:
______ theories explain motivation as the needs that people seek to satisfy.
A. Process
B. Content
C. Equity
D. Expectancy
Q:
The study of work motivation has often been divided into ______ and ______ theories. The applicability of both has been examined across cultures.
A. content, process
B. high, low
C. cultural and noncultural
D. achievement, cognitive
Q:
______ is typically described as the willingness of individuals to exert effort toward a goal.
A. Leadership
B. Achievement
C. Satisfaction
D. Motivation
Q:
Describe the main points of the integrated cross-cultural model of leadership?
Q:
Describe how cultural variations in job design motivate.
Q:
How can culture affect the application of the main process theories of motivation?
Q:
Describe how culture might affect the application of the main content theories of motivation?
Q:
According to the ______ model of leadership, the very existence of the rational bureaucratic procedures of institutions is undermined by the prevalence of two societal characteristics called individualism and personalism.
Q:
______ theories of leadership emerged after a change in the assumption that leaders are born to the notion that leaders could be developed.
Q:
______ theories of leadership began as a search for the personality characteristics possessed by great leaders.
Q:
______ is a persons sustained motivation to a carry out a course of action or contribute to the well-being of some other person, group, or organization.
Q:
According to ______ theory, goal setting is most effective when there is feedback showing progress toward the goal.
Q:
According to ______ theory, Effort = V I E.
Q:
______ recognizes that we all are aware of what we contribute and what we receive in return from our roles in work and in life, and that we also compare this ratio of our inputs and outcomes with that of other people.
Q:
______ theories of motivation explain the choices that people make about their behavior.
Q:
______ theories of motivation explain motivation as the needs that people seek to satisfy.
Q:
______ is typically described as the willingness of individuals to exert effort toward a goal. Ans: Motivation
Q:
The integrated cross-cultural model of leadership has as its basis a cognitive information processing approach to leadership.
Q:
In Arab society, a prophetic leader garners feelings of love, unity of purpose, and voluntary submission to authority by followers.
Q:
Process theories of leadership have been concerned with the way in which the sorts of scripts, schemas, and other cognitive characteristics influence how subordinates perceive and react to a leader
Q:
Two dimensions of leader behavior have been identified as initiating structure (production oriented or task) and consideration (employee or relationship oriented) behaviors.
Q:
Despite the thousands of research articles and books written on this subject, no generally accepted definition of leadership exists.
Q:
Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is the result of the combination of the expectation that effort (E) will lead to performance and that this performance will be instrumental (I) in reaching certain outcomes.
Q:
Equity theory recognizes that we all are aware of what we contribute and what we receive in return from our roles in work and in life, and that we also compare this ratio of our inputs and outcomes with that of other people.
Q:
McClellands content theory of motivation focuses on the three needs of achievement, affiliation, and activity which vary among individuals.
Q:
The study of work motivation has often been divided into content theories and process theories.
Q:
Motivation is typically described as the willingness of individuals to exert effort toward a goal.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a key element in the integrated cross-cultural model of leadership? A. Worker efficacy B. Substitutes for leadership C. Individual and group processes D. Leaders image
Q:
______ leadership is based on the human motive to bond with others and contribute to the betterment of society
A. Authentic
B. Ethical
C. Servant
D. Ethical
Q:
______ leadership emphasizes an internalized moral perspective on leadership.
A. Servant
B. Authentic
C. Hierarchical
D. Ethical
Q:
Paternalistic leadership has been associated with positive employee attitudes in collectivistic and ______cultures.
A. large power distance
B. uncertainty avoidance
C. masculine
D. long-term orientation
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of paternalistic leadership?
A. Involvement in nonwork lives of subordinates
B. Creating an all-business atmosphere at work
C. Expecting loyalty from subordinates
D. Establishing close and individualized relationships with subordinates
Q:
______ leadership is based in traditional values of familism, Confucian ideology, and feudalism and is common in cultures with large power distance, where superiorsubordinate relationships are hierarchical, interdependent, and emotional.
A. Ethical
B. Paternalistic
C. Authentic
D. Servant
Q:
As a manager, Tobias prefers to make decisions without considering the opinions of others. According to the propheticcaliphal model of leadership, this tendency is referred to as ______.
A. personalism
B. individualism
C. duality
D. socialism
Q:
According to the propheticcaliphal model of leadership, a ______ leader must use coercion and fear in order to maintain status as a leader.
A. caliphal
B. duality
C. individualism
D. personalism
Q:
According to the propheticcaliphal model of leadership, ______ is the tendency to make decisions without considering the opinions of others.
A. personalism
B. duality
C. prophetic
D. individualism
Q:
According to the propheticcaliphal model of leadership, ______ involves viewing ones relationship to others from an egocentric perspective in which ones own set of needs dominates.
A. individualism
B. personalism
C. prophetic
D. caliphal
Q:
According to the ______ model of leadership, the very existence of the rational bureaucratic procedures of institutions is undermined by the prevalence of two societal characteristics called individualism and personalism.
A. sheikocracy
B. propheticcaliphal
C. caliphal
D. duality
Q:
The ______ model of leadership specifies two distinctly different leadership types that can emerge to fill the leadership vacuum created by the lack of institutionalism prevalent in Arab society.
A. duality
B. caliphal
C. sheikocracy
D. propheticcaliphal
Q:
______ in the Arab world is characterized by hierarchical authority, subordination of efficacy to human relations and personal connections, and conformity to rules and regulations based on the personality and power of those who made them.
A. Hierarchical authority
B. Prophetic leadership
C. Sheikocracy
D. Duality
Q:
______ represents the combination of tribal norms and bureaucratic structures that resulted in an authoritarian and patriarchal approach to leadership in the Arab World.
A. Sheikocracy
B. Hierarchical authority
C. Duality
D. Prophetic leader
Q:
The ______ dimension of Misumis performancemaintenance theory of leadership relates to behavior directed at maintaining individual well-being and preserving social relationships in a group.
A. paternalism
B. leadership
C. maintenance
D. performance
Q:
______ behavior is described in Misumis performancemaintenance theory of leadership concern the planning and processing of work.
A. Planning-type
B. Supervisory
C. Pressure-type
D. Hierarchical
Q:
______ behavior is described in Misumis performancemaintenance theory of leadership as supervisory behavior regarding strict observance of regulations and pressure for production.
A. Planning-type
B. Supervisory
C. Pressure-type
D. Hierarchical
Q:
The ______ dimension of Misumis performancemaintenance theory of leadership describes behavior directed toward achieving group goals and includes pressure-type and planning-type behavior.
A. maintenance
B. performance
C. leadership
D. paternalism
Q:
Misumis ______ theory identifies four types of leadership based on two basic dimensions that are viewed as functions that a leader needs to fulfill rather than as a specific set of behaviors that a leader needs to carry out.
A. paternalism
B. performance dimension
C. task oriented
D. performancemaintenance
Q:
One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______, which focuses on ensuring safety and security of the individual; self-centered, and face-saving.
A. self-protective
B. participative
C. charismatic/value based
D. autonomous
Q:
One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______, which refers to independent and individualistic leadership.
A. humane oriented
B. team oriented
C. autonomous
D. participative
Q:
One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______, which reflects supportive and considerate leadership, including compassion and generosity.
A. humane oriented
B. autonomous
C. charismatic/value based
D. team oriented
Q:
One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______, which reflects the degree to which managers involve others in making and implementing decisions.
A. humane oriented
B. participative
C. team oriented
D. autonomous
Q:
One dimension of GLOBE research on culturally based shared conceptions of leadership is ______, which emphasizes team building and implementation of a common purpose or goal among team members.
A. team oriented
B. autonomous
C. self-protective
D. charismatic/value based