Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is not one of the major factors Herbert Jacob says causes the police to exercise discretion? a. department policies b. characteristics of the crime c. relationship between criminal and victim or between police and criminal or victim d. geographic area of the crime

Q: Juries, not judges, must make the critical findings that sentence killers to death was ruled in Ring v. Arizona (2002). a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not one of the reasons police exercise discretion? a. If the police enforced all the laws, all the time, they would be in the station house or court much of their time. b. Complete enforcement would alienate the public from the police. c. Most violations of law are minor and do not require full enforcement. d. The police want to show they have a caring attitude toward the community.

Q: In the case of Baze v. Rees, the Supreme Court ruled that lethal injections did violate the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment, hence putting a moratorium on the death penalty for more than eight years during the 1970s. In the case of Baze v. Rees, the Supreme Court ruled that lethal injections did violate the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment, hence putting a moratorium on the death penalty for more than eight years during the 1970s a. True b. False

Q: The first decision maker in the criminal justice system and often the most important is the: a. judge. b. defense attorney. c. police officer. d. prosecutor.

Q: Police officers have ____________________ discretion. a. little b. tremendous c. limited d. no

Q: Of the approximately 10,000 persons convicted each year on homicide charges, only 250 to 300 are sentenced to death, while an equal number receive probation or community supervision only. a. True b. False

Q: The Smalltown Police Department uses social service agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department. a. watchman b. legalistic c. moralistic d. service

Q: Proponents of the death penalty argue that it is morally correct because of evidence found in the Bible and other religious works. a. True b. False

Q: The Humortown Police Department issues many summonses and makes many misdemeanor arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department. a. watchman b. legalistic c. moralistic d. service

Q: About 8% of prisoners under a sentence of death have prior homicide convictions; if these criminals had been executed for the first offense, no further victims would have suffered. a. True b. False

Q: The Magic City Police Department maintains order through informal police intervention, including persuasion and threats, or hassling or roughing up disruptive people instead of formal arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department. a. watchman b. legalistic c. moralistic d. service

Q: Over 132,000 executions have been carried out in the United States, with the first in the early 1700s for treason. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson's operating styles? a. watchman b. legalistic c. service d. aggressive

Q: Three-strike laws have garnered much criticism, especially after the life sentence imposed on a third-time felon for stealing a set of golf clubs. a. True b. False

Q: The Federal Crime Act of 1994 created what the criminal justice system refers to as "victim impact statements." a. True b. False

Q: Officer White concentrates her efforts on helping people in trouble, rather than on keeping society safe. According to Broderick, she would be considered a(n): a. realist. b. optimist. c. enforcer. d. idealist.

Q: Mandatory sentencing laws have not garnered much support, as only fifteen states have replaced discretionary sentencing with mandatory fixed-term sentencing. a. True b. False

Q: Officer Green believes that it is impossible to achieve the goals and objectives of the police department and concentrates his efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of his fellow officers. According to Broderick, he would be considered a(n): a. realist. b. optimist. c. enforcer. d. idealist.

Q: Officer Brown believes his role is keeping the peace and preserving the social order, yet he is very careful not to violate the constitutional rights of individuals. According to Broderick, he would be considered a(n): a. realist. b. optimist. c. enforcer. d. idealist.

Q: Mandatory sentencing generally limits the judge's discretionary power to impose any disposition but that authorized by the legislature. a. True b. False

Q: Officer Smith believes her role is to maintain order on her beat by arresting criminals. According to Broderick, she would be considered a(n): a. realist. b. optimist. c. enforcer. d. idealist.

Q: In 2007, the Federal Sentencing Commission revised the guidelines and retroactively considered reducing sentences for people convicted of crack possession. a. True b. False

Q: A sentencing target of eight to twenty years in prison is an example of a determinate sentence. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not one of Broderick's police operational styles? a. enforcers b. dreamers c. realists d. optimists

Q: According to the text, the police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of: a. safety and security. b. community involvement. c. omniscience. d. omnipresence.

Q: Reducing recidivism is the primary goal of a specific deterrence model. a. True b. False

Q: Sheehan and Cordner state that the two primary goals and objectives of police departments are: a. maintaining order, and protecting life and property. b. preventing crime and arresting offenders. c. preventing crime and maintaining order. d. protecting life and property, and preventing crime.

Q: A positive sign for crime rates in the United States is that between 1990 and 2008 the prison population decreased by almost 15%. a. True b. False

Q: Some institutions used as penitentiaries were developed soon after the Revolutionary War and are still in use today. a. True b. False

Q: Egon Bittner has stated that police work has, from its earliest origins, been a: a. religious vocation. b. respected profession. c. feared occupation. d. tainted occupation.

Q: During the Middle Ages, there was little law or governmental control and offenses were settled by blood feuds carried out by the families of the injured parties. a. True b. False

Q: Robert Lilly's research concluded that the majority of police calls are in reference to: a. burglaries. b. thefts. c. information. d. social services.

Q: The police role is: a. very ambiguous. b. very clearly defined. c. mainly related to violent crime. d. mainly related to arresting offenders.

Q: CASE 11.3 Trent Jones, a 42-year-old black war veteran with no prior criminal arrests, is arrested in Texas for the premeditated murder of his neighbor, Jeffery Bella, following months of disagreement between the two men. On the night in question, Mr. Jones hid behind bushes in Mr. Bella's driveway, waited for Mr. Bella to exit, and shot him five times in the chest in front of his wife and two children. Given this information, answer the following questions. Given the same scenario above but changing the defendant from male to female, if found guilty and at sentencing the offender is given twenty-five to thirty years instead of life in prison or the death penalty, many would argue that this is an example of the: a. Chivalry hypothesis. b. Gallantry hypothesis. c. Nobility hypothesis. d. Double marginality clause.

Q: Most police contacts involve: a. motor vehicle or traffic-related issues. b. family violence. c. arrests of offenders. d. testifying in court.

Q: CASE 11.3 Trent Jones, a 42-year-old black war veteran with no prior criminal arrests, is arrested in Texas for the premeditated murder of his neighbor, Jeffery Bella, following months of disagreement between the two men. On the night in question, Mr. Jones hid behind bushes in Mr. Bella's driveway, waited for Mr. Bella to exit, and shot him five times in the chest in front of his wife and two children. Given this information, answer the following questions. If at the sentencing hearing, Mr. Bella's wife is allowed to speak and direct her comments toward her husband's killer this is called a: a. Victim impact statement. b. Victim diversion program. c. Exculpatory statement. d. Court-appointed victim advocacy.

Q: Of the following, the police make more arrests for ____________________ crimes than for the other types. a. violent b. property c. financial d. quality-of-life

Q: CASE 11.2 In 2013, a 17-year-old white man named Jason is arrested for vandalism in an affluent neighborhood just east of Bloomington, Indiana. The victims include a 55-year-old man, his wife, and their children, ages 17 and 15. Jason slashed the tires on their car, spray-painted their house, and removed foliage from their garden. Given this information, answer the following questions. If Jason were 25 years old and has committed the same crime but had three prior arrests: one for DUI, one for robbery, and one for simple assault, all since his eighteenth birthday. If at sentencing the judge sentences Jason to three to five years, this is an example of: a. Indeterminate sentencing. b. Circle sentencing. c. Widen-the-net sentencing. d. Determinate sentencing.

Q: CASE 11.2 In 2013, a 17-year-old white man named Jason is arrested for vandalism in an affluent neighborhood just east of Bloomington, Indiana. The victims include a 55-year-old man, his wife, and their children, ages 17 and 15. Jason slashed the tires on their car, spray-painted their house, and removed foliage from their garden. Given this information, answer the following questions. At the sentencing hearing, the judge recommends that the defendant be given the opportunity to apologize to the victims and the community and in return will have his jail sentence revoked if he returns the property to its prevandalized state and reimburses his victims for all nonrepairable property. This is an example of: a. Rehabilitation. b. Youth assistant programs. c. Retribution. d. Restoration.

Q: Which of the following is incorrect? a. The police make more arrests for minor violations than serious crime. b. The police make more arrests for drug offenses than they do for driving while intoxicated (DWI/DUI) c. The police make more arrests for aggravated or felony assault than they do for misdemeanor assault. d. Violations of liquor laws, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and loitering are responsible for approximately 1.72 million arrests a year.

Q: CASE 11.1 Brent Weir is arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) in Ohio. On the night in question, Mr. Weir's blood alcohol level was .16, twice the legal limit in Ohio. This was Brent's first arrest, he has no prior arrests, has a college degree, and runs a local hotel in the Cleveland area. Given this information, answer the following questions. If Brent were sentenced to six months in jail but was released after four months because he was a model prisoner and completed his mandatory educational and substance abuse training, this would be an example of: a. Good time. b. Sweat equity rehabilitation. c. Concurrent sentencing. d. Retribution.

Q: According to the text, the legality and morality of the "fleeing felon" rule have been challenged because of the U.S. legal concept of: a. presumption of innocence. b. fundamental fairness. c. cruel and unusual punishment. d. application of equality.

Q: The police make approximately ____________________ million arrests a year. a. 3.3 b. 10.16 c. 12.2 d. 13.12

Q: CASE 11.1 Brent Weir is arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) in Ohio. On the night in question, Mr. Weir's blood alcohol level was .16, twice the legal limit in Ohio. This was Brent's first arrest, he has no prior arrests, has a college degree, and runs a local hotel in the Cleveland area. Given this information, answer the following questions. If Brent were sentenced to one year of probation and forced to work in the local school systems as an educator to teens and young adults about the dangers of driving drunk instead of getting a jail sentence this would most resemble: a. Rehabilitation. b. Restitution. c. Equity rehabilitation. d. Retribution.

Q: In 1985, the fleeing felon rule was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case of: a. Mapp v. Ohio. b. Lawrence v. Texas. c. Tennessee v. Garner. d. Terry v. Ohio.

Q: CASE 11.1 Brent Weir is arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) in Ohio. On the night in question, Mr. Weir's blood alcohol level was .16, twice the legal limit in Ohio. This was Brent's first arrest, he has no prior arrests, has a college degree, and runs a local hotel in the Cleveland area. Given this information, answer the following questions. If the judge were to sentence Brent to six months in jail and $2,500 in fines, this would be an example of: a. General deterrence. b. Specific deterrence. c. Unambiguous deterrence. d. Exclusive deterrence, given his age

Q: Gender does not play an important role in use of force incidents by police officers. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not a method used to evaluate whether capital punishment reduces the murder rate? a. Immediate-impact study b. Time-series analysis c. Contiguous-state analysis d. Cost"benefit analysis

Q: Which of the following are factors that may be assessed in determining the length of a sentence? a. The severity of the offense b. The motive of the crime c. The offender's prior history d. All of the above

Q: Officers have broad discretion on whether to arrest or not to arrest in domestic violence cases. a. True b. False

Q: Under truth-in-sentencing schemes, an offender must serve how much of their sentence before they are eligible for release? a. 65% b. 75% c. 85% d. 90%

Q: In most cases where stops were made, the behavior of the suspect was what concerned the officer. a. True b. False

Q: Minority groups allege they are the victims of race-based policing due the NYPD stop-and-frisk policies. a. True b. False

Q: The old saying, "The punishment should fit the crime," is most fitting for which of the following concepts? a. Specific deterrence b. Incapacitation c. Retribution and Just Desserts d. General deterrence

Q: Which concept states that the punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat the same offense? a. Specific deterrence b. Incapacitation c. Retribution and Just Desserts d. General deterrence

Q: The "broken windows" theory suggests it is appropriate to allow a neighborhood to deteriorate if the neighborhood will not participate in its upkeep. a. True b. False

Q: Dangerous criminals are held in confinement to segregate them from society in order to eliminate the risk of re-offending under which concept? a. Specific deterrence b. Incapacitation c. Retribution and Just Desserts d. General deterrence

Q: Two studies indicate that people who engage in violent crime or who engage the police in violent confrontations are much more likely to be the victims of police shootings. a. True b. False

Q: The growing popularity of less-than-lethal weapons (LTLW) by police officers in the United States virtually ensures their increased use in the law enforcement community. a. True b. False

Q: Which concept assumes that if a man is convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison, this act will serve as an example for other people? In other words, people will not want to commit murder out of fear that they may get caught and experience the same punishment. a. Specific deterrence b. Incapacitation c. Retribution and Just Desserts d. General deterrence

Q: The importance of Ford v. Wainwright (1986) established that it is unconstitutional to: a. Put to death a convict 16 years or younger. b. Put to death a mentally insane person. c. Put to death a foreign dignitary. d. Put to death child rapists.

Q: Most of what happens in the U.S. criminal justice system happens without the use of discretion by the police. a. True b. False

Q: The entire criminal justice system is based on the concept of discretion. a. True b. False

Q: In which case did the Court bar capital punishment for child rapists unless the rape resulted in or was intended to result in the death of the child? a. Peterson v. California b. Kennedy v. Louisiana c. Fogel v. Georgia d. Sambuco v. Texas

Q: An officer's discretion varies depending on the type of situation he or she encounters. a. True b. False

Q: The importance of Ring v. Arizona is that it ruled that: a. The death penalty is unconstitutional in crimes of burglary and robbery. b. Juries, not judges, must make the decision to sentence a convict to death. c. Judges must give victims a chance to speak during the sentencing phase of a death penalty case. d. Death penalty defendants may not present new evidence during the sentencing phase.

Q: Police are free or have the ability to ignore crimes or to exercise discretion regarding them, even when the crime is serious. a. True b. False

Q: That the death penalty does not violate the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution was ruled in: a. Bell v. South Carolina. b. Gregg v. Georgia. c. Garner v. Tennessee. d. Furman v. Georgia.

Q: Which case ruled that the death penalty amounts to cruel and unusual punishment, which is a violation of the Eighth Amendment? a. Coker v. Georgia b. Furman v. Georgia c. Cabana v. Bullock d. Deck v. Missouri

Q: The police officer is generally the first decision maker in the U.S. criminal justice system and is often the most important. a. True b. False

Q: Police generally have much less discretion than other officials in the criminal justice system. a. True b. False

Q: The belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere that enhances, rather than reduces, the level of violence in society is called: a. The brutalization effect. b. The butterfly effect. c. The vehemence effect. d. The pugnaciousness effect.

Q: In 2007, which was the first state to abolish the death penalty since it was reintroduced in the United States in 1972? a. West Virginia b. Hawaii c. New Jersey d. Maine

Q: The primary goal or objective of the police should be to arrest all offenders. a. True b. False

Q: The "defense of life" standard allowed police officers to use deadly force against people who were using deadly force against an officer or another person. a. True b. False

Q: On average, about how many people are executed in the United States each year? a. 10"20 b. 40"50 c. 75"80 d. About 100

Q: The police role is extremely well defined and contains little ambiguity. a. True b. False

Q: A postconviction address by the victim of the crime or the victim's family that may be used to guide sentencing of the offender is called a: a. Victim address. b. Cold case statement. c. Victim impact statement. d. Family circle statement.

Q: The view that the low rates of crime and delinquency among females reflect the leniency with which female offenders are treated is called: a. The chivalry hypothesis. b. The exculpatory hypothesis. c. The null hypothesis. d. The alternative hypothesis.