Q&A Hero

Q: Which state created the first parole agency in 1884? a. Ohio b. West Virginia c. Illinois d. Virginia

Q: Prior to the 1960s, African-American police officers employed by the NYPD were assigned only to African-American neighborhoods and were not assigned to specialized, high-profile units. a. True b. False

Q: The supervision of selected offenders from rehabilitation-style facilities in the 1870s was handled by individuals known as: a. Guardians. b. Wardens. c. Gate-keepers. d. Custodians.

Q: a. True b. False

Q: The mark system is attributed to which Irish prison reformer? a. Lawrence Driscoll b. Michael McColgan c. Orla O"Hara d. Walter Crofton

Q: Homosexuals have not been discriminated against in police hiring practices. a. True b. False

Q: With which of the following is Alexander Maconochie not associated? a. Ticket-of-leave b. English Penal Servitude Act c. Condemnation of transportation d. Creation of modern-day probation

Q: Historically there are many instances of job discrimination against women and minorities in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: After the 1770s, which country became the destination for "transported" English prisoners? a. United States b. Germany c. Australia d. Haiti

Q: According to research, what is the leading problem among police officers? a. marital problems b. problems with children c. drug problems d. financial problems

Q: What act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison for private use? a. The Jackson"Joseph Act b. The Great Depression Act c. The Ashurst"Sumners Act d. The Property of Service Act

Q: In one study of a sheriff's department, suicide by cop incidents accounted for ____________________ percent of deputy-involved police shootings. a. less than 1 b. 11 c. 39 d. 59

Q: A study on police depression revealed that ____________________ officers had higher levels of depression. a. female b. white c. Asian d. male

Q: According to research, what subgroup was more likely to use constructive coping relating to stress? a. African-American males and African-American females b. white females and African-American females c. white males and African-American males d. white males and white females

Q: What significant event in history made it mandatory to limit the amount of prison-made goods allowed for sale in the late 1920s and early 1930s? a. World War I b. The Appointment of J. Edgar Hoover to the FBI c. The Great Depression d. The lumber shortage of 1928

Q: Zebulon Brockway is most known for being the warden of which institution, which advocated indeterminate sentencing and treatment? a. Primanti Rehabilitation Prison b. Elmira Reformatory c. Walnut Street Jail d. Madison Prison Medical Facility

Q: According to research, compared to other professions, the police exhibit higher rates of: a. divorce b. suicide c. stress d. all of these choices

Q: The attitude that there is no hope for the world and a view of humanity at its worst called: a. police social control b. police prejudice c. police attitude d. police cynicism

Q: The first step toward prison reform began in Cincinnati in 1870 at the: a. National Prison Reform Council b. Cincinnati Prison Reform Doctrine c. National Congress of Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline d. Federal Penitentiary Reform Regulatory Council

Q: Of the prison systems discussed in Chapter 13, which method eventually won out as the model used in the United States? a. Auburn b. Pennsylvania c. Philadelphia d. Quaker

Q: A basic personality test administered by many police departments is the: a. PRCI b. Niederhoffer's Personality Scale c. BPI d. MMPI

Q: Which of the following is not a style of the Pennsylvania System of corrections? a. Single cells in a semicircle b. Bible study c. Congregate model d. Silence

Q: The birthplace of the modern prison system and the Pennsylvania system of confinement was at: a. Pittsburgh City Jail. b. Quaker Village Penitentiary. c. Walnut Street Jail. d. Philadelphia House.

Q: A situation in which police officers only trust other police officers and do not aid in the investigation of wrongdoing by other officers is called the: a. red curtain b. blue curtain c. blue shield d. red shield

Q: One of the William Penn's most noteworthy additions to the correction system was: a. Increased sanitary conditions. b. Removal of torture and public punishments. c. The creation of the watchtower in American jails. d. Hiring female correctional officers in an attempt to create normalcy in the prison environment.

Q: A 1981 report by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights emphasized the need to provide ____________________ programs and services for police. a. physical fitness b. medical c. stress management d. in-service training

Q: Which of the following ranked highest in programs most requested by police officers according to an FBI training needs survey of almost 2,500 police departments? a. more firearms training b. programs to handle personal stress and physical fitness programs c. physical fitness programs and more firearms training d. programs on how to deal in a less stressful manner with supervisors

Q: The modern American correctional system is credited to whose work in Pennsylvania? a. James Q. Wilson b. William Penn c. Zebulon Brockway d. King Henry III

Q: The first American jail was built in which city in the early seventeenth century? a. James City b. New York c. Boston d. Pittsburgh

Q: Which of the following is not a job-related issue that contributes to family dysfunction in police families, according to Ellen Scrivner? a. family disruption due to rotating shifts b. unpredictable work environment c. the constant exposure of police officers to members of the opposite gender d. community expectations and demands

Q: The concept of incarcerating convicted offenders for long periods of time as a punishment became norm in corrections during which century? a. Seventeenth b. Eighteenth c. Nineteenth d. Twentieth

Q: Dorothy Bracey found that due to a poor diet and lack of exercise, a significant sample of American police possessed a body composition, blood chemistry, and general level of physical fitness greatly inferior to that of a similarly sized sample of: a. college students b. prison convicts c. military personnel d. high school seniors

Q: Which of the following does John Violanti offer as a factor that might explain the high rates of suicide among police officers as a result of stress? a. access to firearms b. constantly being exposed to human misery c. shift work, social strain, and marital difficulties d. all of these choices

Q: A correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentence a. Jail b. Prison c. Boot camp d. House arrest

Q: The "no-frills" approach most likely resembles what correctional ideology? a. Restitution b. Rehabilitation c. Deterrence d. Work release

Q: Researchers say that the pressure of being on duty 24 hours a day leads to stress and that the police learn to cope with that stress by: a. brutalizing and denigrating citizens b. shirking their responsibilities c. becoming emotionally detached from their work and the people they are paid to serve d. engaging in illegal conduct

Q: Invent an imaginary criminal and crime and explain in your own words how a restorative justice approach may be used as a means of rehabilitation for your offender.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the factors leading to stress in police work? a. poor training b. role conflict c. exposure to brutality d. early retirement

Q: The stress produced by the daily need to confront the tragedies of urban life, such as the need to deal with derelicts, criminals, and the mentally disturbed, and the need to engage in dangerous activity to protect a public that appears to be unappreciative of the police, is classified as: a. external stress b. organizational stress c. personal stress d. operational stress

Q: The stress produced by the interpersonal characteristics of belonging to the police organization, such as difficulties in getting along with other officers, is classified as: a. external stress b. organizational stress c. personal stress d. operational stress

Q: Explain what research has shown with regard to the effectiveness of Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS).

Q: Define restorative justice. In doing so, list and describe several of the restorative justice programs and explain when and how they are applied in the United States.

Q: The stress produced by elements inherent in the quasi-military character of the police service, such as adjusting to changing tours of duty, odd working hours, and working holidays, is classified as: a. external stress b. organizational stress c. personal stress d. operational stress

Q: List and describe at least four forms of intermediate sanctions used in the United States. Which is the most effective and why?

Q: Define intermediate sanctions and provide an explanation of the advantages of intermediate sanctions for the criminal justice system and offender.

Q: Stress produced by real threats and dangers, such as responding to gun runs and other dangerous assignments, is classified as: a. external stress b. organizational stress c. personal stress d. operational stress

Q: Discuss privatized probation. What are the many activities private probation companies will provide for a fee?

Q: Dr. Neal Trautman proposes a solution to the problem of the Code of Silence with his: a. Additional Training Regimen b. Basic Misconduct Survey Study c. Code of Silence Argument d. Code of Silence Antidote

Q: The American Institute of Stress ranked law enforcement work as being: a. the number one stressful job in America b. among the top ten stressful jobs in America c. relatively low in stress compared to other jobs d. one of the few truly stress-free jobs

Q: How successful is probation? In your discussion, provide details on the future of probation in the United States.

Q: Discuss the legal rights of probationers. In your discussion, give examples of three court cases that shaped the legal rights of probationers in the United States.

Q: The human body's reaction to highly stressful situations is known as the: a. flight-or-fight response b. stressed-out syndrome c. adrenaline response d. fight-or-freeze syndrome

Q: The Dirty Harry problem refers to: a. the corruption problem in law enforcement b. the brutality problem in law enforcement c. the moral dilemma officers face when they can use evil means to achieve good ends d. the stress problem in policing

Q: The best-known study of the police personality, Behind the Shield, was written by: a. Richard Harris b. Howard Abadinsky c. Larry Siegel d. Arthur Niederhoffer

Q: Describe the duties of a probation officer.

Q: The majority of recent studies have found that the law enforcement "working personality" stems from the officer's: a. teenage years b. socialization process in the police academy, field training, and patrol experience c. early socialization experiences as a child d. inherent personality from birth

Q: Discuss the conditions of probation. In your discussion include the process of revocation.

Q: Which researcher conducted the classic study of the police subculture in Gary, Indiana? a. Jerome Skolnick b. Anthony Bouza c. William Westley d. James Q. Wilson

Q: Explain the concept of probation. In your explanation of probation, include the history of community sentencing.

Q: Under ___________________ programs, offenders are free to go to work and school during the day but must return to the center at night.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the three important features of an officer's environment that can account for an officer's working personality, according to researchers Burbeck and Furnham? a. rotating shifts of duty b. danger c. authority d. isolation from the public

Q: A ______________________ sentence is one in which an offender serves a short stint in prison before being released on probation to make them fear incarceration.

Q: Who coined the term the "working personality" of the police? a. Jerome Skolnick b. James Fyfe c. James Q. Wilson d. Egon Bittner

Q: Civil and criminal _________________________ involve the seizure of goods or instruments related to the commission or outcome of a criminal act.

Q: Which is not indicative of the police personality? a. hostility b. insecurity c. cynicism d. idealism

Q: A ________________________ is a monetary payment made by the defendant as a punishment.

Q: Intensive probation supervision, house arrest, electronic monitoring, and restitution orders are examples of ________________________.

Q: Which is not a trait of the police personality? a. authoritarianism b. suspicion c. cynicism d. liberalism

Q: The refusal of some police officers to report fellow officers' misconduct is called: a. the uniform code of silence b. the blue wall of silence c. the police omerta d. blue loyalty

Q: Which is not indicative of the police culture? a. openness b. clannishness c. honor d. individuality

Q: Some jurisdictions have experimented with _____________________ punishment, a method designed to reduce parole violations in which probationers are incarcerated within hours of a parole violation.

Q: Under _____________________, or focused, probation, teams of probation officers take on clients convicted of one type of crime (e.g., drug offenses) so as to provide a higher quality of treatment.

Q: The longer officers are in their profession, the more hostile they become. a. True b. False

Q: In a suicide by cop situation, the only victim is the suspect that has been shot by the officer. a. True b. False

Q: _____________________________ occurs when the terms of probation are violated and an offender is sent to prison.

Q: Heart attacks, ulcers, weight gain, and other health problems are not signs of stress in police officers. a. True b. False

Q: A(n) _______________is a type of sentencing in which victims, family members, community members, and the offender participate in an effort to devise fair and reasonable sanctions.

Q: ________________ are used as a step down in security for jail or prison inmates and a step up for probationers who have failed community sanctions, and involve nonresidential community-based treatment programs.

Q: Officers who express a loss/increase in appetite usually have an eating disorder? a. True b. False

Q: The RICO Act and the ___________________________ help reintroduce forfeiture back into U.S. law.