Q&A Hero

Q: The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is also known as the: a. Warren Commission. b. O"Connor Commission. c. Kerner Commission. d. Johnson Commission.

Q: By 1927, only three U.S. states did not have some kind of parole option. a. True b. False

Q: A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and women police officers are: a. almost identical. b. slightly higher for men. c. significantly higher for women. d. slightly higher for women.

Q: Which of the following terms refers to the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African-American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility from members of the African-American community who consider black officers to be traitors to their race? a. double marginality. b. de facto discrimination. c. adverse impact. d. reverse discrimination.

Q: Until the 1970s, it was presumed that women were not as capable of performing the same type of patrol duty as men because: a. of their gender and size. b. they could not testify in court. c. they were not good drivers. d. they would side with women in domestic disputes.

Q: Once released from prison, the majority of offenders do not recidivate. a. True b. False

Q: Research has found a correlation between increases in the prison population and decreases in the crime rate. a. True b. False

Q: Minimum-security prisons have been criticized for being like country clubs, some with tennis courts and pools, and have received the nickname "club fed." a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following cities has actively recruited openly gay police officers and has a large number of openly gay officers relative to the city's population? a. San Francisco b. Milwaukee c. San Diego d. Key West

Q: The Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1972: a. expanded the jurisdiction and strengthened the powers of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). b. allowed employees of state and local governments to file employment discrimination suits with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). c. made the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII, applicable to state and local governments d. all of these choices

Q: Some super-max"style prisons lock inmates in their cells for twenty-two to twenty-four hours a day. a. True b. False

Q: At one time, thousands of minor children were housed in jails as runaways, truants, and criminals. a. True b. False

Q: According to the Department of Justice, ____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local police departments in 2007 were African Americans. a. 19.5 b. 22.7 c. 11.9 d. l.8

Q: The decline in the jail population reflects both a declining U.S. crime rate and greater reliance on alternatives to incarceration. a. True b. False

Q: A Bureau of Justice Statistics publication reported that in 2007, ____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local police departments were women. a. 11.9 b. 15.3 c. 3.9 d. 21.2

Q: The medical model was still widely used from 1960 to 1980 in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: Kristen Leger found that there has been a growing acceptance by the public for ____________________ in the law enforcement role. a. women b. Hispanics c. African Americans d. gay people

Q: As early as 1715, the idea of parole had spread to the Virginia Colonies and was the most widely used correctional sentence. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not consistent with the findings of Professor Sean Grennan in his study of patrol teams in New York City? a. There were no basic differences between the way males and females working as a patrol team reacted to violent confrontations. b. Female police officers, in most cases, were far more emotionally stable than their male counterparts. c. Female officers were more likely to calm a potentially violent situation. d. Female officers were more likely to suffer on-the-job injuries.

Q: The academic studies of women on patrol indicate that women: a. can perform patrol duties as well as men can. b. perform in a less satisfactory manner than men on patrol. c. perform as well as men on patrol but only when teamed with a male partner. d. usually do not want to work patrol.

Q: An agreement between parties in a court action before, and instead of, a decision by a judge is called a: a. consent agreement. b. consent decree. c. lawsuit. d. modus operandi.

Q: Alexander Maconochie is most known for his work with prison reform in the area of transportation of inmates from England. a. True b. False

Q: Large numbers of English prisoners were transported to Australia following the American Revolution. a. True b. False

Q: One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is: a. reverse employment. b. affirmative action. c. de facto hiring. d. equal employment opportunity.

Q: The concept that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination is called: a. reverse discrimination. b. adverse impact. c. affirmative action. d. de facto opportunity.

Q: The 1971 Supreme Court case that established the concept that hiring requirements must be job related was: a. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. b. Brown v. Mississippi. c. Griggs v. Duke Power Company. d. United States v. Paradise.

Q: During the 1930s and 1940s, restrictions on prison-made goods had little or no effect on the manufacturing and distribution of these products. a. True b. False

Q: A substantially different rate of selection resulting from hiring, promotion, and other employment decisions that work to the disadvantage of members of a particular race, gender, or ethnic group is called: a. reverse discrimination. b. reverse impact. c. cultural discrimination. d. adverse impact.

Q: By the end of the 1930s, few prisons required inmates to wear the infamous striped suits and the code of silence ended. a. True b. False

Q: Zebulon Brockway is most known for his work at the Elmira Reformatory. a. True b. False

Q: The most prevalent form of discrimination has been: a. separate job titles. b. disparate recruiting. c. de facto discrimination. d. standard discrimination.

Q: During the Civil War era, prisons were major manufacturers of clothes, shoes, boots, and furniture. a. True b. False

Q: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit job discrimination based on all but which of the following? a. race and color b. sexual orientation c. national origin d. gender

Q: The Pennsylvania system eventually won out over the Auburn system of penitentiaries. a. True b. False

Q: In 1827, the Western State Penitentiary was built using a semicircle formation most known in the Pennsylvania system prisons. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is nota reason for the recent disappearance of institutional discrimination against African Americans in police departments, according to Stephen Leinen? a. legal events of the civil rights era b. the urban riots of the 1960s c. efforts of black police officer organizations d. social and political events of the civil rights era

Q: In the early 1900s, policewomen were often called ____________________ and were employed to bring order and assistance to the lives of women and children. a. city mothers b. mother McCredies c. matrons d. mother superiors

Q: English prisons were once so overpopulated that abandoned ships were used as prisons. a. True b. False

Q: The book Black in Blue found that black police officers suffered from: a. double marginality. b. double taxability. c. singular marginality. d. all of these choices.

Q: The concept of incarcerating convicted offenders for long periods of time has been the norm since the fourteenth century. a. True b. False

Q: Alice Stebbins Wells was the first woman appointed to the ____________________ Police Department. a. Dallas b. New York c. Los Angeles d. Chicago

Q: CASE 13.3 Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. This is Robert's first offense and many in the system argue that the sentence is harsh. Given this information, answer the following questions. If this same offense occurred during the late 1800s in association with Brockway's reformatory style of prison, the inmates would have been released to the custody of individuals known as _______________. a. Gate-keepers b. Guardians c. Watchmen d. Free masons

Q: According to the text, which of the following is not an example of discrimination against African-American police officers in the early 1900s? a. only assigned to patrol black neighborhoods b. were not allowed to arrest whites c. establishment of job-related standards d. chances of promotion to higher ranks were limited

Q: What organization represented African American police officers in New York City? a. Guardian Angels b. Guardians' Association c. American Civil Liberties Union d. African American Equalization Association

Q: CASE 13.3 Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. This is Robert's first offense and many in the system argue that the sentence is harsh. Given this information, answer the following questions. The most widely used model of treatment within society is the _________________, which houses inmates before their outright discharge from the system to allow each to adjust to society. a. Samaritan house b. Halfway house c. Reformatory dormitory d. Correctional placement house

Q: Before the 1940s, no black police officers worked in the Deep South; they were eliminated from the hiring process because they: a. posed a threat to white supremacy. b. did not have a high school diploma. c. were involved in too many use-of-force issues. d. refused to work under white commanders.

Q: CASE 13.3 Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. This is Robert's first offense and many in the system argue that the sentence is harsh. Given this information, answer the following questions. Robert most likely would be a good candidate for the __________________ model, which attempts to maintain convicted offenders within society instead of a secure facility. a. Community treatment b. Neighborhood watch c. Unrestricted evaluation d. Boot camp

Q: Which of the following is not one of the possible causes for the acceptance of women in police departments in the late 1960s and early 1970s? a. the women's rights movement b. efforts by females officers to gain the right to perform patrol duty to achieve equality with male officers c. pressure applied on behalf of women by the International Association of Chiefs of Police d. 1964 Civil Rights Act

Q: CASE 13.2 Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions. Given what we know about their crimes, which of the brothers will be most likely to have educational opportunities in his facilities? a. James only b. John only c. Jason and John only d. All three brothers have educational opportunities as part of the prison experience

Q: CASE 13.2 Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions. James would most likely serve his time in a: a. Minimum-security prison. b. Medium-security prison. c. Maximum-security prison. d. Super-maximum-security prison.

Q: CASE 13.2 Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions. John would most likely serve his time in a: a. Minimum-security prison. b. Medium-security prison. c. Maximum-security prison. d. Super-maximum-security prison.

Q: Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers? a. issuing parking tickets b. guarding female prisoners c. performing routine clerical tasks d. patrolling

Q: CASE 13.2 Three brothers are arrested over a seven-year period for three different crimes. The oldest brother, James, was arrested for second-degree murder and was sentenced to twenty years in prison. John, the second brother, was arrested for drug possession and was sentenced to thirteen months in prison. Jason, the youngest, was arrested for grand larceny and is currently serving four to seven years in prison. Given this information, answer the following questions. Jason would most likely serve his time in a: a. Minimum-security prison. b. Medium-security prison. c. Maximum-security prison. d. Super-maximum-security prison.

Q: In 1910, which of the following cities appointed the first "officially designated" policewoman? a. Los Angeles b. Seattle c. New York d. Cleveland

Q: The first African-American police officers were appointed in which of the following cities? a. Chicago b. New York c. New Orleans d. Miami

Q: CASE 13.1 A man is arrested for a violent crime. The date is November 11, 1822. Given this information, answer the following questions. If the man were housed in a penitentiary in which silence and harsh punishments were the norm, he would most likely be housed in: a. Pennsylvania system. b. Auburn system. c. Either the Pennsylvania system or the Auburn system. d. Neither the Pennsylvania nor the Auburn systems, as they did not condone harsh treatments.

Q: CASE 13.1 A man is arrested for a violent crime. The date is November 11, 1822. Given this information, answer the following questions. The inmate was housed in a correctional environment that mandated Bible study and in-cell work. He is most likely housed in the: a. Pennsylvania system. b. Auburn system. c. New York system. d. Alabama system.

Q: A first-time white-collar offender would most likely be sentenced to which type of prison? a. Super-maximum-security b. Maximum-security c. Medium-security d. Minimum-security

Q: Police departments do not address workplace dating because of privacy concerns. a. True b. False

Q: The IACP believes the recruitment of women is an important issue for law enforcement today. a. True b. False

Q: Academic research has shown that female officers are well received by the public. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not a purpose of jails? a. Detain accused offenders awaiting trial who cannot afford bail b. Temporary holding of convicted offenders awaiting sentencing c. Long-term incarceration of violent offenders d. Holding of probationers and parolees picked up for violations

Q: In a 1995 case, a state police agency agreed to provide back pay to white male troopers who claimed they were unfairly passed over for promotions in favor of minority troopers. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following was not an innovation advocated by Zebulon Brockway? a. Indeterminate sentencing b. Parole c. Corporal punishment d. Individual treatment

Q: Critics of affirmative action argue that it is unfair to select police officers based on their race or gender even though such a practice does not actually violate the 1964 Civil Rights Act. a. True b. False

Q: Under which of the following systems was prisoner employment controlled by the state and goods manufactured by the prisoners sold to benefit the state? a. Convict-lease b. Public account c. Contract d. Auburn

Q: One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is the concept of affirmative action. a. True b. False

Q: The vision requirement was probably the strongest example of discrimination against female candidates in police tests. a. True b. False

Q: Under which of the following systems did private businesses lease prisoner labor for an annual fee and assume supervision responsibilities? a. Convict-lease b. Public account c. Contract d. Auburn

Q: Under which of the following systems did officials sell the labor of inmates to private organizations for use inside or outside the prison? a. Convict-lease b. Public account c. Contract d. Auburn

Q: Which of the following is not true about inmate populations? a. African Americans are six times as likely as whites to be held in custody b. Hispanics are two times as likely as whites to be held in custody c. Juvenile populations are on the rise for the first time since 1994; they now make up 29% of the total prison population. d. Women still make up less than 10% of the prison population.

Q: The Supreme Court decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Company(1971) established the concept that job requirements must be job relatedthey must be necessary for the performance of the job a person is applying for. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is an attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in society rather than in a secure facility? a. Shock incarceration b. Community reformatory model c. Community treatment d. Societal acclimation

Q: In 1969, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) confirmed its policy of opposing the employment of gay officers. a. True b. False

Q: The first private prison was opened in 1986 in which state? a. Tennessee b. New Mexico c. Ohio d. Kentucky

Q: Which type of community-based correctional facility houses inmates before their outright release so they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society? a. Community treatment facility b. Halfway house c. Boot camp d. Placement house

Q: Which type of prison is a less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world? a. Minimum-security b. Medium-security c. Maximum-security d. Super-maximum-security

Q: Which type of correctional institution houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world? a. Enhanced super-maximum-security prisons b. Maximum-security prisons c. Minimum-security prisons d. Medium-security prisons

Q: Which type of new-generation jail contains a cluster of cells surrounding a living area or pod with a officers station located within this pod? a. Direct-supervision jails b. Explicit-supervision jails c. Ancillary-supervision jails d. Indirect-supervision jails

Q: Which state created the first parole agency in 1884? a. Ohio b. West Virginia c. Illinois d. Virginia