Counseling

Q: What is the central purpose of corrections? a. to rehabilitate offenders b. to protect society c. to carry out the criminal sentence d. to correct behavior

Q: ________________ continue to be faced with stereotypes that people, both other officers and community members, hold but do not vocalize.

Q: Discuss the early history of corrections in England and how this helped shape the American correctional system currently in place today.

Q: In the past, some agencies have forced _____________ officers to take sick leave or to go to a limited-duty assignment despite their desires.

Q: Like all other government services, corrections is constantly confronted by frequently shifting _____________ forces that further complicate administration. a. political and technological b. financial and social c. psychological and political d. social and political

Q: ____________________ incarceration refers to short stints in boot-camp"like programs in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.

Q: There are four levels of classification for prisons: minimum, medium, maximum, and _______________ security.

Q: One of the most disturbing concepts behind the affirmative action movement, and possibly the most disturbing concept to many, is the establishment of __________.

Q: New-generation jails offer both _____________ and __________________ supervision.

Q: __________ means that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination.

Q: Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular career field is based on their desire to: a. become financially secure. b. help people. c. take criminals out of society. d. advance their careers.

Q: Systems learn, grow, and improve according to what? a. policies b. procedures c. feedback d. laws

Q: The job analysis must include the __________, __________, and abilities needed to perform the tasks of the job for which they are being tested.

Q: The __________________ model views inmates as victims of their environment and in need of care and treatment to reform them into productive members of society.

Q: Previous forms of physical ability testing for police jobs generally have been replaced by __________ tests.

Q: The __________________ system was a congregate-style system developed in the nineteenth century in New York and was based on the concepts of group work during the day and separation at night.

Q: One out of _________ African American children has a parent who has been to prison. a. 2 b. 7 c. 5 d. 10

Q: The __________________ system developed in the nineteenth century was based on the concepts of total isolation and individual penitence.

Q: Although the increase in prison population receives the most publicity, a great portion of correctional growth has occurred in: a. probation and parole. b. community corrections. c. treatment programs. d. fines and restitution .

Q: Overcrowding of English prisons forced inmates onto floating barges, called _______________

Q: Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated? a. 1 million b. 2.3 million c. 3 million d. 4.3 million

Q: In __________, the court ruled that the Baltimore Police Department's height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches was a prima facie case of sex discrimination.

Q: When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control? a. more than 8% b. nearly 3% c. less than 1% d. roughly 12%

Q: About 80% of the U.S. noncriminal population have their high school diploma, as compared with only _________________ percent of the correctional population.

Q: If the majority of females fail a test while the vast majority of males pass it, that exam can be said to have a(n) __________ on females.

Q: The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of sentences. a. True b. False

Q: A short-term, militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline is called a ______________________.

Q: __________ is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in fact, discriminate.

Q: The first important job discrimination case was __________.

Q: The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania now houses more prisoners than any other state in the country. a. True b. False

Q: Corrections Corporation of America is known as one of the largest _______________ industries in the United States.

Q: Most of the correctional sentences carried out in the U.S. happen at the state and local level. a. True b. False

Q: _________________-supervision jails use a cluster of cells and a pod system, but the correctional officer's station is located inside a secure room.

Q: The __________ extended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and made its provisions applicable to state and local governments.

Q: Corrections has a non-reciprocal relationship with its environment (i.e., society). a. True b. False

Q: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited all job discrimination based on: __________, __________, __________, __________, or __________

Q: The _______________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution governs employment equality in U.S. society.

Q: The use of modern designs to improve effectiveness in jails has led to the creation of _________________ jails.

Q: The ______________________ Act made it a federal offense to transport interstate commerce goods made in prison for private use.

Q: The central purpose of corrections is to rehabilitate the offender. a. True b. False

Q: A type of prison in which cells are located along corridors in the multiple layers or levels was called the ___________________.

Q: __________________ is the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African-American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility that African-American officers receive from the African-American community because they are perceived as traitors to their race.

Q: From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control. a. True b. False

Q: In the early days of female policing, women were normally used in only three actual police-related jobs. They were __________, __________, and __________.

Q: Corrections has one clear primary goal: rehabilitation. a. True b. False

Q: The __________ was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system.

Q: Under the Pennsylvania system, prison quarters that contained solitary or separate cells were called ___________________.

Q: The birthplace of the modern prison system and of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement was at a dwelling named the ____________________.

Q: Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality. a. True b. False

Q: _____ is the unequal treatment of persons in personnel decisions (hiring, promotion, and firing) on the basis of their race, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation.

Q: Correctional practices and processes all affect one another because offenders pass through in a kind of assembly line with return loops. a. True b. False

Q: ____________________ agencies tend to lead the way with the employment of Asian Americans in law enforcement. a. Texas b. California c. New York d. Arizona

Q: __________________________ was a key originator of the American correctional system in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth century.

Q: People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to express their most cherished values. a. True b. False

Q: A correctional facility designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentence is called a ______________________.

Q: A _____________________ is a correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentences.

Q: What was the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Ricci v. DeStefano? a. The city's decision to invalidate the promotion test violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. b. The city did not violate any constitutional protections. c. The city approved an invalid test due to disparate impact, so the court reversed the decision of the district court. d. The city was in violation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 for discriminating against African-American employees who took the promotion exam.

Q: The Indianapolis Police Department assigned ____________________ and ____________________ to patrol in 1968. They were the first females to be armed, wear a uniform, and drive a marked car on an equal basis with men. a. Lari Rollings; Jenny White b. Melissa Idol; Cynthia Lockhart c. Susan Smith; Jamie Wilson d. Betty Blankenship; Elizabeth Coffal

Q: Corrections consists of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons. a. True b. False

Q: Today, convicted criminals are receiving longer sentences than they would have received five years ago. a. True b. False

Q: _______________ discrimination is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in fact, discriminate. a. De facto b. By-product c. Reverse d. Circumlocutory

Q: The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring around the edges regarding the responsibility for different types of actions. a. True b. False

Q: What act was established with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system? a. Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 c. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 d. Civil Rights Act of 1991

Q: Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in probation and parole. a. True b. False

Q: Jail conditions vary greatly across counties, as there are currently no unified national policies dictating the terms under which jails must be run. a. True b. False

Q: Over the past two decades, the number of female jail inmates has been increasing at a faster rate than that of male inmates. a. True b. False

Q: Title ____________________ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit all job discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. a. I b. III c. IV d. VII

Q: The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education. a. True b. False

Q: Which Constitutional Amendment is the primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in U.S. society? a. First Amendment b. Second Amendment c. Fourteenth Amendment d. Twenty-First Amendment

Q: The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world. a. True b. False

Q: Conservatives and liberals tend to share the same ideas about how to deal with crime. a. True b. False

Q: In terms of jail, the current rate of incarceration is about 500 inmates for every 100,000 U.S. citizens. a. True b. False

Q: Since the 1980s, the correctional system has been largely focused on crime control as opposed to rehabilitation. a. True b. False

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