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Q:
The new industrialism brought about a shift from penal to economic considerations as the basis for punishment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Attempts to reform prisons began in the 1500s with the disintegration of feudalism.
a. True
b. False
Q:
_________________ is the slang term for an inmate who turns to the guards for help.
Q:
___________________ theory holds that crime is basically "imitative"we learn crime the same way that we learn other behavior.
a. Cultural deviance
b. Control
c. Differential association
d. Leftist realism
Q:
Define and discuss what is meant by the "great experiment" in social control. What, if anything, have we learned from this "great experiment"?
Q:
The Knapp Commission was a(n) ____________________ commission.
a. international
b. federal
c. state
d. local
Q:
The Knapp Commission was created:
a. because an incident in which police used excessive force was caught on tape.
b. in response to a series of articles in the New York Times detailing widespread corruption.
c. after a city councilperson's son was illegally detained and searched.
d. due to a political mandate by a newly elected governor.
Q:
A prison policy in which inmates receive the bare minimum in terms of food, services and medical care required by law is referred to as a _______________________ policy.
Q:
In a Gallup poll, when asked to rate the standards of various occupations, ____________________ percent of respondents rated the police either very high or high in honesty and ethical standards.
a. 12
b. 42
c. 56
d. 91
Q:
_______________ is the early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by the correctional authorities.
Q:
Define federalism and discuss how it impacts the various correctional systems throughout our nation.
Q:
Define and discuss what is meant by a system and how our correctional "system" meets this definition.
Q:
In the 2005 case of ____________, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of prison inmates on the basis of race, in their cells or anywhere on prison grounds, is inappropriate.
Q:
Which of the following is not an argument against citizen review?
a. When a system is formed hastily after a highly charged incident, it might not be the best one for the department.
b. It allows people who know nothing about police work to make decisions for the department.
c. It prevents lawbreakers from being punished for their crimes.
d. A citizen review board may cause unnecessary expense by duplicating the work of the internal affairs department.
Q:
A(n) ________________ is an inmate trained in law, or otherwise educated, who helps other inmates prepare legal briefs and appeals.
Q:
Discuss the concept of social control and how it has affected the correctional system as a whole.
Q:
Which of the following is not an argument in favor of citizen review?
a. It improves public trust and confidence in law enforcement.
b. A citizen review board can monitor and review departmental policies that lead to citizen complaints.
c. It will make police officers more aggressive in enforcing the law.
d. A citizen review board can provide an independent evaluation of citizen complaints.
Q:
Corrections has always struggled with conflicting goals. Identify several corrections goals and explain how they conflict with one another. How can this conflict be minimized? Is it possible that this goal conflict may actually be good for corrections?
Q:
Today, ____________________ of the major U.S. cities have some form of citizen oversight in place.
a. a few
b. about half
c. none
d. most
Q:
Civil rights that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits are known as________________.
Q:
The federal legislation passed in 1979 that allowed for the selling of prison-made goods across state lines with a strict set of rules was known as the ___________________.
Q:
Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code was originally enacted by Congress as a means of enforcing the ____________________ Amendment guarantee of rights to the newly freed slaves.
a. Fourth
b. Fifth
c. Tenth
d. Fourteenth
Q:
Define what is meant by the term "exchange." Present some examples of "exchanges" in your daily life. Why is "exchange" an important concern for correctional officers and inmates?
Q:
Correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect corrections. Give an example of each and discuss the reciprocal relationship between corrections and its environment.
Q:
The federal government helped put private industry into prisons with the passage of the ______________________ Program in 1976.
Q:
The theory known as _____________________ theory, states that as prison population continues to rise, unmatched by expanded capacity, prison violence will increase.
Q:
Twenty-five years ago, the "three P's"probation, prisons, and paroledominated correctional practice. Today all kinds of activities come under the heading of corrections. Identify at least three other practices or programs that are considered part of corrections. Discuss how their existence has fostered the growth of corrections.
Q:
Police officers who violate a person's civil rights by unlawfully searching or detaining them can be sued under what law?
a. 42 U.S.C. Section 1983
b. Federal Interstate Compact
c. Civil Rights Act of 1965
d. Civil Rights Act of 1991
Q:
The 19th-century sociologist ____________________ argued that crime is normal and that punishment performs the important function of spotlighting societal rules and values.
Q:
Which of the following has been proposed as a solution to police brutality?
a. improved training
b. better screening of applicants
c. citizen review
d. all of these choices
Q:
The theory known as _____________________ states that riots and other forms of violence in prison occur when officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms.
Q:
A tort is a:
a. felony case.
b. misdemeanor case.
c. criminal wrong.
d. private wrong.
Q:
Early warning systems typically use ____________________ to flag officers who may be prone to problems when interacting with the public.
a. first-line superiors
b. field training sergeants
c. computer programs
d. citizen review boards
Q:
____________________ is assimilation into the separate culture of the prison.
Q:
The term ______________________ usually refers to any action applied to offenders after they have been convicted and implies that action is meant to change offenders according to society's needs.
Q:
The loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and languages is known as ____________________.
Q:
_____________________ refers to actions and practices of individuals and institutions that are designed to induce conformity with the rules and norms of society.
Q:
____________________ refers to the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses.
Q:
The first national commission to discuss police brutality was the:
a. Knapp Commission.
b. Wickersham Commission.
c. Presidential Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice.
d. National Commission on Causes and Prevention of Police Brutality.
Q:
Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as __________.
Q:
A __________________________ is a regimented, dehumanizing institution, such as a prison, where people are kept in social isolation.
Q:
When excessive force is used with the public and there is a significant disparity between the level of compliance by the person and the level of force used by the officer, the use of force is considered to be:
a. police misconduct.
b. police malfeasance.
c. police mistreatment.
d. police brutality.
Q:
Police testimony that narcotics found on the ground were dropped by persons they arrested has been called:
a. dropsy testimony.
b. fallen testimony.
c. on-the-ground testimony.
d. all of these choices.
Q:
The U.S. Supreme Court has established that an inmate's right to be paroled is absolute.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A mutual transfer of resources based on decisions regarding the costs and benefits of alternative actions is referred to as__________ .
Q:
The Fifth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Jerome Skolnick wrote that police deception usually occurs at three stages of the police detection process. Which of the following is not one of those stages?
a. investigation
b. arrest
c. interrogation
d. testimony in court
Q:
Women inmates report more incidents of sexual assault by male guards as opposed to other inmates.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the Department of Justice, the most common disposition of the 26,000 complaints of excessive force against officers was:
a. the complaints were unfounded.
b. the officers were exonerated.
c. the complaints were sustained and the officers were disciplined.
d. the investigation turned up insufficient evidence to prove the allegation.
Q:
The states of__________ and__________ have the largest prison populations in the United States.
Q:
Many departments today rely on units described as "professional standards" units, "compliance" units, or "integrity" units as a major resource to combat corruption. These are other names for:
a. programs created to increase the number of superior officers in departments.
b. civilian complaint review boards.
c. internal affairs divisions.
d. units created to provide greater liaison with district attorney offices.
Q:
About 10% of females entering the prison system are pregnant.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The term " __________" refers to methods of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in aparticular field.
Q:
According to the authors, key issues in corrections are divided into three main areas: managing the correctional organization, working with offenders, and __________.
Q:
The twin goals of corrections are and __________.
Q:
The setup of most women's prisons closely resembles that of college dormitories.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Donald Clemmer's book The Prison Community was one of the first to document the inmate social code and subculture.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What was the end result of the arrest of Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (a Harvard University scholar) by a Cambridge, Massachusetts, police sergeant?
a. The police sergeant was convicted of a civil rights violation.
b. Gates was convicted of burglary.
c. Both Gates and the police sergeant were convicted of state crimes.
d. The charges were dropped against Gates and a meeting took place between the sergeant, the president of the United States, and Gates.
Q:
Although criminal law applies to all inmates in a prison setting, it is rarely enforced.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What is the most prevalent type of corruption in law enforcement today?
a. "rotten apples"
b. biased-based policing
c. police deception
d. noble cause corruption
Q:
A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods no longer than 48 hours is called a __________.
Q:
What name is used for the loyalty test given to rookie officers by the training, and other officers?
a. Mama Rosa's test
b. Miami test
c. B-Pad test
d. Junction Boy test
Q:
An institution for incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felons, is called__________ .
Q:
A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as __________.
Q:
In the case of Shaw v. Murphy (2001), it was ruled that inmates do not have an absolute right to correspond with other inmates, even if it concerns legal advice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The phrase "under some form of correctional supervision" is referring to the following three forms of control: , __________, __________and__________ .
Q:
Nearly half the women released from prison are either reconvicted or re-incarcerated soon after their release on parole.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The New York City plainclothes officer whose revelations about police corruption led to the legendary Knapp Commission was:
a. Philip Mass.
b. Patrick V. Murphy.
c. Ernest Verdeschi.
d. Frank Serpico.
Q:
The actual discretionary decision to grant parole is made at a parole-granting hearing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is an example of police corruption?
a. A police officer receives $15 from a driver for not giving him or her a summons for speeding.
b. A police officer receives sexual favors from a driver for not giving him or her a summons for speeding.
c. An off-duty police officer escorts a drug dealer as he or she delivers illegal drugs to customers and receives $100 per delivery.
d. all of these choices.
Q:
The 193l National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement was more popularly known as the:
a. Kerner Commission.
b. Volmer Commission.
c. Wickersham Commission.
d. Kefauver Commission.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convicted offenders
Street-level bureaucrats
Q:
____________________ is an administrative action coordinated through the state police standards organization that will determine if cause exists to strip an officer of his or her state certification to be a police officer.
a. Certification suspension
b. Interstate certification
c. Background certification
d. Decertification
Q:
Freedom of religion is a fundamental right guaranteed by the First Amendment, and courts have ruled that inmates have the right to practice religion as long as it doesn"t hinder security efforts.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convicted offenders
Federalism
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convicted offenders
System
Q:
Noble cause corruption is also known as:
a. Dirty Harry syndrome.
b. blue line crossing.
c. blue corruption.
d. meat-eating.
Q:
Many researchers believe that the presence of female guards can have an important beneficial effect on the self-image of inmates and improve working relationships.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is an example of the standards governing police ethics?
a. U.S. Constitution
b. Bill of Rights
c. Case law as determined by appellate courts and the U.S. Supreme Court
d. All of these choices
Q:
The population of elderly inmates in the United States has decreased by 50% over the past thirty years.
a. True
b. False