Q&A Hero

Q: The mentally ill offender is now recognized as an overgeneralization and a _______________.

Q: In 2009, the National Academy of Sciences issued a 328-page report, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. The report found serious problems with: a. much of the evidence collected by patrol officers at crime scenes. b. genetic profiling. c. much of the work performed by crime laboratories in the United States. d. expired certifications of forensic examiners.

Q: Many, if not most, defendants housed in jails are: a. indigent. b. middle-class. c. elderly. d. female.

Q: Which of the following systems have not increased the ability of departments to control and monitor their patrol functions through the CAD and MDT? a. GPS b. GIS c. AVL d. ADP

Q: Who is less likely to be released on their recognizance? a. African Americans b. European nationals c. Latinos d. Whites

Q: One of the most successful alcohol treatment programs having shown effectiveness is ___________________.

Q: Recently, there has been a major emphasis on programs to _________offenders awaiting trial.a. treatb. convictc. sentenced. release

Q: We can view the criminal justice system as a ___________, because it operates as a large offender selection bureaucracy.

Q: . Enhanced 911 or enhanced CAD utilizes mobile digital terminals (MDTs). Which of the following is nota benefit provided by these systems? a. direct interface between the patrol unit and local, county, state, and federal criminal justice information system computers b. dramatic increase in response time c. elimination of responses to non-life-threatening emergency calls d. better coordination of all emergency agencies, since their movements can be monitored visually by both officers at the scene and dispatchers

Q: The 911 emergency telephone number system was introduced by AT&T in: a. 1968 b. 1945 c. 1973 d. 1986

Q: ___________ produce more disastrous consequences than heroin addicts.

Q: For law enforcement purposes, the acronym CAD means: a. computer-assisted department. b. computer-aided dispatch. c. computer-automatic dispatch. d. centralized audio dispatch.

Q: Local correctional workers are: a. overeducated. b. paid above average for the criminal justice system. c. poorly trained. d. mostly doing clerical work.

Q: Prostitution is more an _____________ crime than a sexual crime.

Q: Today, computerization is suitable for: a. only police departments serving cities with a population of one million citizens or more. b. only police departments serving cities with a population of 100,000 or more. c. any police department, regardless of size. d. organizations such as businesses, not police departments.

Q: Martin and Yablonsky describe a situational offender as one who made a mistake and paid a debt to ______ for that mistake.

Q: More than half of all jail occupants are: a. female. b. violent offenders. c. awaiting trial. d. not guilty.

Q: Factors influencing the filtering process through the correctional system include department policy and _______________.

Q: The first police department with a computer system (in 1964) was: a. New York City . b. San Francisco. c. Los Angeles. d. St. Louis.

Q: At least________ people are detained in a jail at some time during the year.a. 2 to 3 millionb. 4 to 6 millionc. 4 to 6 milliond. 10 million

Q: The jail rate is highest in the: a. East and South. b. West and South. c. West and North. d. East and North.

Q: ________offenders have been convicted of violent crimes or drug offenses.

Q: Therapeutic justice is a philosophy of reorienting the jail experience from being mostly punitive to being mostly: a. rehabilitative. b. reintegrative. c. reinforced. d. shaming.

Q: A key way to prevent AIDS both inside and outside of a correctional setting is through knowledge of the virus.

Q: DNA collection needs to improve because crime labs are ill-equipped to deal with the influx of DNA samples. a. True b. False

Q: The domestic use of drones, and even their consideration of use, has become the subject of national debate, including filibuster in the U.S. Senate. a. True b. False

Q: HIV/AIDS is transmitted through blood and saliva.

Q: In the 1800s jails began to change in response to: a. the penitentiary movement. b. the king's wishes. c. capitalism. d. overcrowding.

Q: Mitochondrial DNA is more useful for identification than nuclear DNA. a. True b. False

Q: Jails are administered by: a. their state's governor. b. the federal government. c. locally elected officials. d. the Department of Justice.

Q: There is widespread recognition that rape is a physical intrusion fueled by a desire for violent coercion rather than being sexually motivated.

Q: Less-than-lethal technology is the perfect weapon available that will immediately stop unlawful resistance and will cause absolutely no harm to the receiver. a. True b. False

Q: Violence, rape, and health problems are direct and immediate consequences of: a. an increase of youthful male offenders. b. overcrowding. c. lax correctional supervision. d. inappropriate sexuality behind bars.

Q: One correctional policy decision that may influence who becomes a correctional client is that street crimes warrant more attention from police.

Q: Almost 60 percent of America's jails prisoners________ for at least some of the medical care they receive.a. punishb. chargec. turn awayd. reprimand

Q: Generally, mentally ill persons represent a greater risk of committing violent crimes than the population as a whole.

Q: The BlackBerry can be loaded with specialized law enforcement programs allowing the user to query the NCIC database as well as other state and motor vehicle department databases. a. True b. False

Q: It would be safe to say that classification decisions are not, on the whole, subject to sociopolitical pressures.

Q: PCR-STR procedures for the analysis of DNA evidence allow samples that have degraded or broken down to be analyzed. a. True b. False

Q: ________ are direct descendants of 12th-century English feudal practices.a. Prisonsb. Bail processesc. Probationd. Jails

Q: It would be safe to say that significant numbers of correctional clients have a history of heavy drinking.

Q: It is impossible to change one's fingerprints. a. True b. False

Q: According to the authors, which of the following is of particular importance for today's jail administrators? a. quality of prisoner nutrition b. quality of recreational programs for offenders c. legal liability d. all of these

Q: Composite sketches of suspects can be prepared by computers without the assistance of a police artist. a. True b. False

Q: Deinstitutionalization allows offenders the ability to also use affect treatment strategies in the community.

Q: Which statement is NOT an argument made in favor of pretrial diversion? a. Many offenders cannot be effectively dealt with by the formal criminal justice system. b. It is much more humane than traditional criminal justice services. c. It does not promote a long-term "label" on offenders like most criminal justice activities. d. It is much cheaper than criminal justice processing.

Q: Which statement is NOT an argument made against the practice of preventive detention? a. It may violate the due process provisions of the Constitution. b. It is typically employed only against property offenders. c. It is impractical and can be potentially nefarious. d. It is difficult to identify those individuals for whom this concept would most aptly apply.

Q: Age-progression photographs are prepared by forensic artists rather than computers. a. True b. False

Q: Most sexual offenses occur between strangers.

Q: Most women believe rape is a violation emotionally, physically and rationally as well as a degrading act of violence.

Q: The latest in night vision technology includes infrared (IR) technology and thermal imaging (TI). This technology requires no light at all to see objects in total darkness. a. True b. False

Q: By far the most successful pretrial release program is: a. unsecured bail. b. percentage bail. c. forfeit bail. d. release on recognizance (ROR).

Q: There are six classifications of fingerprints. a. True b. False

Q: A common strategy in dealing with offenders with substance dependency problems is: a. alcohol detoxification within the jail setting. b. placement in a methadone maintenance program. c. a steady program of withdrawal within the jail setting. d. release to an addiction treatment facility.

Q: According to your text, jail suicides are primarily caused by: a. the limited personal space provided in jail facilities. b. the crisis nature of arrest and detention. c. emotional instability, which is exacerbated by the jail experience. d. both the crisis nature of arrest and detention and emotional instability.

Q: More prisoners serve __________ sentences in the United States than in any other Western nation.a. lifeb. deathc. shortd. long

Q: In recent years, America's prison population has been: a. getting younger. b. aging. c. shrinking. d. all of these.

Q: Lasers can be used to lift fingerprints from surfaces that often defy traditional powder or chemical techniques, including glass, paper, cardboard, rubber, wood, plastic, leather, and even human skin. a. True b. False

Q: To combat ambiguities in classification, correctional administrators have started using: a. more subjective criteria in an attempt to successfully predict future criminal behavior. b. expanded criteria to admit all relevant facts and use those facts involved in the case. c. a limited number of factors pertaining to substance abuse factors. d. classification systems that recognize similarities and differences between offenders.

Q: Automated fingerprint identification systems began to be developed in the 1980s. a. True b. False

Q: The United States has just over________ jails.a. 1,500b. 2,800c. 4,200d. 1,000

Q: A system where jail operations are funded by a set amount paid for each prisoner held per day is: a. a welfare system. b. a fixed rate system. c. a fee system. d. a provider system.

Q: Computers have not yet been used for patrol allocation operations. a. True b. False

Q: Most people would hardly call their own job a _________ if they had been seen at work only three or four times. a. habit b. career c. plan d. calling

Q: References to "types" of offenders means they: a. are easily stereotyped because their actions are so similar. b. are fairly predictable for purposes of parole. c. share important characteristics even though they vary in others. d. behave very similarly for purposes of prediction.

Q: Jails are the________ the formal correctional system.a. the most valued part ofb. exitway fromc. least expensive part ofd. entry point into

Q: According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was: a. warehousing the surplus population of immigrants. b. detention of those sentenced by the court. c. to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials. d. to inflict short-term punishment (e.g., corporal punishment) on the offender.

Q: Because computer-aided investigation systems have not proven to be very effective in the criminal investigation process, they are being abandoned by many police departments in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following pressures are not experienced by the local jail? a. The direction of the jail is influenced by local law enforcement officials. b. Local politics, in particular party patronage, influences the operation of the jail. c. Local offender assistance programs are usually operated by community self-help volunteers. d. All of these are experienced by local jails.

Q: ViCAP contains information on unsolved burglaries. a. True b. False

Q: The career criminal has several attributes: a. his occupation b. inexperienced c. psychologically abnormal d. believes he will never be caught

Q: The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP) is maintained by DHS. a. True b. False

Q: Correctional treatment programs have proven to be most effective with: a. compulsive and habitual drug abusers. b. pedophiles. c. career criminals. d. none of these.

Q: One key method shown to prevent AIDS transmission is through: a. education. b. passing out condoms. c. prohibiting homosexual behavior. d. legalizing drugs.

Q: Overall, jail population sizes tend to be: a. stable. b. small. c. variable. d. constant.

Q: In classifying offenders, correctional administrators put them into groups based on: a. their needs for treatment. b. risk. c. security issues they pose to the prison. d. all of these.

Q: Police officers with in-car data access technology make more than eight times as many inquiries on driving records, vehicle registrations, and wanted persons or property per 8-hour shift than do officers without in-car computers. a. True b. False

Q: The Supreme Court ruled in Bureau v. McDowell that _____________ apply/applies only to the actions of government agents and not to those of private citizens or private security employees. a. county ordinances b. local ordinances c. state statutes d. the Bill of Rights

Q: Out of all of the major components of corrections, jails and the issues surrounding their function and operation tend to be the most widely studied by academics. a. True b. False

Q: Which type of tactics constituted the brutal and violent methods police historically practiced to obtain confessions? a. hammering b. first degree c. third degree d. drop down